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A notice can be added as soon as the project is complete, even before registration.
Generally before. Most notifications say Copyright (c) 1998 Author's Name.
Copyright exists in an item as soon as it is rendered into "permanent" form. The copyright symbol (©) is not needed, although placing it does give the copyright owner an easier time when trying to legally enforce a copyright infringement claim in the US. Before 1978, the symbol was needed to establish copyright under US law. Before about 1960, if you neglected to include the copyright symbol in a published work, it went immediately to the Public Domain. After about 1960, there was a way to remedy that defect, but anything published without the copyright symbol in the US before then was and is free to anyone to use as they see fit.
Copyright exists as soon as the book is finished and it is not necessary to formally register with the US copyright office before publication.
Everything published in the United States before 1923. Everything copyrighted in the United States before 1951 where the work required copyright renewal before 1978 and the copyright was not renewed.
There are hundreds of copyright disputes going on at this second. The vast majority are settled long before they get to court.
No. Since 1989, when copyright law was amended to bring it into alignment with the Berne Copyright Convention, it is no longer necessary for a copyright symbol to be displayed to establish or maintain protection. Copyright exists from the moment you create an original work, and that can be something as simple as a photo of your child.
No, that is not true at all. Any book published in the US before 1923 is out of copyright.
Disposition of copyright should have been agreed upon in the commissioning agreement.
If it was not protected by copyright when it was created, and not published with notice before 1 March 1989, it is in the public domain and cannot be protected.
A work is protected by copyright as soon as it is fixed in a tangible medium, i.e. even before it was published.
Not necessarily, no, you can watermark a photo that is YOURS, but not one that is already someone else's before, because that would be copyright infringement.