They bribed state and local officials in return for government appointments.
What political challenges face Russians and their officials
The number of political appointments available to a president varies. The number of open position varies greatly from year to year.
Appointments were made to political supporters as part of a spoils system.
A civil service system ensures that appointments and promotions are based on merit and abilities. Appointments are not made by political patronage.
patronage
Supreme Court justices and other Article III federal judges receive lifetime appointments, which is designed to insulate them from public and political pressure. Most public officials are either elected for set terms, or appointed at the pleasure of the President and Congress, and usually lose their position when the administration changes.
In China, government positions are primarily filled through a system of political appointments and merit-based examinations. The Communist Party of China (CPC) plays a crucial role in selecting officials, with higher-level positions often filled by party members through a combination of internal promotions and recommendations. Local governments also have some degree of autonomy in appointing officials, but these appointments typically align with the CPC's overarching policies and directives. Additionally, the National People's Congress and other legislative bodies approve certain appointments, but the CPC maintains significant control over the process.
It usually refers to relatives, but giving political jobs/appointments in return for political favors is nepotism.
The literary term used in Jonathan Swift's "A Voyage to Lilliput" to emphasize the ridiculousness of the English system of political appointments is satire. Through exaggeration and humor, Swift criticizes political corruption and inefficiency.
by the wars ?
Yes. It has a president, a prime minister, ministers and other political officials.