Attachment theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For infants and toddlers, the "set-goal" of the attachment behavioural system is to maintain or achieve proximity to attachment figures, usually the parents.
Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory explains how much the parents' relationship with the child influences development. Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study encompassing the fields of psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory. Immediately after World War II, homeless and orphaned children presented many difficulties,[1] and psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby was asked by the UN to write a pamphlet on the issue which he entitled maternal deprivation. Attachment theory grew out of his subsequent work on the issues raised.
Infants become attached to individuals who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about six months to two years of age; this is known as sensitive responsiveness. When the infant begins to crawl and walk they begin to use attachment figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from and return to. Caregivers' responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment; these, in turn, lead to internal working models which will guide the individual's perceptions, emotions, thoughts and expectations in later relationships.[2] Separation anxiety or grief following the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptive response for an attached infant. These behaviours may have evolved because they increase the probability of survival of the child.[3]
Research by developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth in the 1960s and 70s reinforced the basic concepts, introduced the concept of the "secure base" and developed a theory of a number of attachment patterns in infants: secure attachment, avoidant attachment and anxious attachment.[4] A fourth pattern, disorganized attachment, was identified later.
In the 1980s, the theory was extended to attachment in adults.[5] Other interactions may be construed as including components of attachment behaviour; these include peer relationships at all ages, romantic and sexual attraction, and responses to the care needs of infants or the sick and elderly. It is believed that those who don't experience secure attachment may develop a sensitivity to rejection in later relationships.[6]
In the early days of the theory, academic psychologists criticized Bowlby, and the psychoanalytic community ostracised him for his departure from psychoanalytical tenets;[7] however, attachment theory has since become "the dominant approach to understanding early social development, and has given rise to a great surge of empirical researchinto the formation of children's close relationships".[8] Later criticisms of attachment theory relate to temperament, the complexity of social relationships, and the limitations of discrete patterns for classifications. Attachment theory has been significantly modified as a result of empirical research, but the concepts have become generally accepted.[7] Attachment theory has formed the basis of new therapies and informed existing ones, and its concepts have been used in the formulation of social and childcare policies to support the early attachment relationships of children.[9]
Bowlby's theory of attachment emphasizes the importance of forming strong emotional bonds with caregivers during early childhood as a foundation for healthy social and emotional development. He proposed that children have an innate need for closeness and security from their primary caregiver, which influences their relationships and behavior throughout life. Bowlby also highlighted the role of attachment in providing a sense of security and a safe base from which to explore the world.
Cognitive appraisal theory and two-factor theory describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion. This theory suggests that our emotions are influenced by both our physiological arousal and our cognitive interpretation of the situation.
The four major theories of motivation are Drive Reduction Theory, Incentive Theory, Arousal Theory, and Humanistic Theory. Drive Reduction Theory suggests that motivation arises from the need to reduce internal tension. Incentive Theory proposes that behaviors are driven by the desire for rewards or to avoid punishment. Arousal Theory posits that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. Humanistic Theory emphasizes the role of personal growth and self-actualization in driving motivation.
Theory X and Theory Y are two contrasting management theories proposed by Douglas McGregor in the 1960s. Theory X assumes that employees are inherently lazy and need to be closely controlled and directed. Theory Y, on the other hand, assumes that employees are self-motivated and can be trusted to take initiative and responsibility in their work.
The theory called the "third force" in personality theory is humanistic psychology. It focuses on understanding and studying the unique qualities and potential of individuals, such as self-actualization and personal growth. The main proponents of this theory were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
The three major approaches to the study of leadership are trait theory, behavioral theory, and contingency theory. Trait theory focuses on identifying inherent qualities that make someone a good leader, behavioral theory looks at the actions and behaviors that effective leaders exhibit, and contingency theory suggests that the effectiveness of leadership styles depends on situational factors.
It is a scientific theory
heliocentric theory, the theory of evolution, relativity theory
Theory-practice-theory take existing theory in education, apply to distance learning, develop new theory Practice-research-theory see what is happening in distance learning, submit to research, develop theory from results Theory-theory-research/practice build on an initial theory to develop a second theory, then apply and test it
Indiana is a lien theory state.Indiana is a lien theory state.Indiana is a lien theory state.Indiana is a lien theory state.
Theory of law. Theory of the climate. Theory of lax. Theory of vandals. Newtons's theory of mass.
A common theory is a theory which has not been proven or a theory without evidence.
the divine right theory
A guage theory is a theory about gayges.
Roots of accounting theory can be found in either decision theory , measurement theory and information theory.
Novanet: THEORY
Evolution Theory, Force Theory, Divine Right Theory, Social Contract Theory
Maslow"s theory