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A hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) is secreted mostly from the kidney (and in some cases the liver) when kidney cells become hypoxic (don't have enough oxygen). Oxygen-sensitive enzymes then can not degrade intracellular signaling molecules called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF); when HIF becomes too concentrated through accumulation, it releases erythropoietin.
(Anatomy & Physiology by Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn. pg. 556)
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