The cast of Nomen Nudum - 1993 includes: Giannis Mouhasiris
* "http://www.answers.com/topic/kagasaurus" - nomen nudum* kaijiangosaurus * kakuru * kangnasaurus * karongasaurus * "http://www.answers.com/topic/katsuyamasaurus" - nomen nudum* kelmayisaurus * kentrosaurus * kentrosauruskentrosaurus * kerberosaurus * khaan * http://www.answers.com/topic/khetranisaurus * khetranisaurus * ginnareemimus * http://www.answers.com/topic/fukuiraptor * koparion * http://www.answers.com/topic/koreanosaurus * http://www.answers.com/topic/koreanosaurus * kotasaurus * koutalisaurus * kritosaurus * kryptopslist-of-dinosaurs * krzyzanowskisaurus * kulceratops * kunmingosaurus * kuszholia
Ultrasauros Utahraptor * Uberabatitan * Udanoceratops * Ugrosaurus - probably junior synonym of Triceratops * Uintasaurus - junior synonym of Camarasaurus * Ultrasauros - junior synonym of Supersaurus * Ultrasaurus (H. M. Kim, 1983) * "Ultrasaurus" (Jensen, 1985) - preoccupied name, now known as Ultrasauros * Umarsaurus[6] - nomen nudum; Barsboldia * Unaysaurus * Unenlagia * "Unicerosaurus" - nomen nudum, actually a fish * Unquillosaurus * Urbacodon
"Allosaurus robustus" is sometimes used for the fossil, but this is a nomen nudum or unofficial name.
Bare; naked; unclothed; undraped; as, a nude statue., Naked; without consideration; void; as, a nude contract. See Nudum pactum.
O Fortuna velut Luna statu variabilis, semper crescis aut decrescis; vita detestabilis nunc obdur et tunc curat ludo mentis aciem, egestatem, potestatem dissolvit ut glaciem. Sors immanis et inanis, rota tu volubilis, status malus, vana salus semper dissolubilis, obumbrata et velata michi quoque niteris; nunc per ludum dorsum nudum fero tui sceleris. Sors salutis et virtutis michi nunc contraria, est affectus et defectus semper in angaria. Hac in hora sine mora corde pulsum tangite; quod per sortem sternit fortem, mecum omnes plangite!
Ans : Formation of contract has three phase Proposal , Acceptance and consideration. In this act the following words and expressions are used in the following senses unless a contrary intention appears for the context . When one person signifes to another his willingness to do or to abstain form doing anything with a view to obtaining the assent of the other to such act of abstinence he s said to make a proposal .when the person to whom the proposal s made signifies his assent therto the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposal when accepted becomes a promise . A person making the proposal is call the promisor and the person accepting the proposal s called the promisee. When at the desre of the promisor the promisee or any other person has done or abstaint from doing or does or abstains form doning promises to do or abstained from dong something such act or abstinence or promise is call a consideraton for the promise.in the absence of consideration agreement is called NUDUM PACTUM (bare promise) thereforein absence of consideration aggrement is void Further more consideration mustbe lawful i
5 letter n words: * needy * night * nappy * nabob * naiad * naive * native * naked * nasal * nasty * north * ninth * never * naval * novel * nerve * nervy * niche * noble * nicer * nifty * nippy * noise * noisy * nomad * niece * noose * nosey * notch * nudge * nurse * nutty * nylon
I'm sure this is it; in translations also: Enjoy!: O Fortuna O Fortune, velut Luna like the moon statu variabilis, you are changeable, semper crescis ever waxing aut decrescis; and waning; vita detestabilis hateful life nunc obdurat first oppresses et tunc curat and then soothes ludo mentis aciem, as fancy takes it; egestatem, poverty potestatem and power dissolvit ut glaciem. it melts them like ice. Sors immanis Fate - monstrous et inanis, and empty, rota tu volubilis, you whirling wheel, status malus, you are malevolent, vana salus well-being is vain semper dissolubilis, and always fades to nothing, obumbrata shadowed et velata and veiled michi quoque niteris; you plague me too; nunc per ludum now through the game dorsum nudum I bring my bare back fero tui sceleris. to your villainy. Sors salutis Fate is against me et virtutis in health michi nunc contraria, and virtue, est affectus driven on et defectus and weighted down, semper in angaria. always enslaved. Hac in hora So at this hour sine mora without delay corde pulsum tangite; pluck the vibrating strings; quod per sortem since Fate sternit fortem, strikes down the string man, mecum omnes plangite! everyone weep with me!
ESSENTIALS OF A VALID CONTRACT All contract are agreements but all agreements need not be contracts. The agreements that create lagal obligations only are contracts. The validity of an enforceable agreement depends upon whether the agreement satisfies the essential requirements laid down in the Act. 'All the agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of the parties competent to contract for a lawful object and are not hereby expressly declared to be void'. a. Agreement: An agreement which is preliminary to every contract is the outcome of offer and acceptance. An offer to do or not to do a particular act is made by one party and is accepted by the other to whom the offer is made. b. Free consent: The parties should agree upon the same thing in the same sense and their consent should be free from all sorts of pressure. In other words it should not be caused by coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud or mistake. c. Contractual capacity: The parties entering into an agreement must have legal competence. In other words, they must have attained the age of majority, should be of sound mind and should not be disqualified under the law of the land. A contract entered into between the parties having no legal capacity is nullity in the eyes of law. d. Lawful consideration: There must be consideration supporting every contract. Consideration means something in return for something. It is the price for the promise. An agreement not supported by consideration becomes a 'nudum pactum' i.e., naked agreement. e. Lawful object: The object or purpose of an agreement must be lawful. It should not be forbidden by law, should not be fraudulent, should not cause injury to the person or property of another, should not be immoral or against public policy. f. Not expressly declared void: The statute should not declare an agreement void. The Act itself has declared certain types of agreements as void. g. Possibility of performance: The agreement should be capable of being performed. h. Certainty of terms: The terms of the agreement should be certain. i. Intention to create legal obligation: Though Sec. 10 is silent about this, under English law this happens to be an important ingredient. Legal formalities: Indian contract Act deals with a simple contract supported by consideration. Agreements made in India may be oral or written. However, sec.10 states that where the statute states that the contract should be in writing and should be witnessed or should be registered, the same must be observed. Otherwise the agreement can't be enforced e.g., Under Indian Companies Act.
An Agreement is defined [Section 2 (e)] as "every promise and every set of promises forming consideration for each other". A promise is defined as 'an accepted proposal.' Thus, every agreement in its ultimate analysis is made of a proposal from one side and its acceptance by the other. Contract: 'An Agreement enforceable by law is a contract' [Section2 (h)]. To become a contract an agreement must be enforceable by law. Sec. 10 of the Indian Contract Act lays down the condition of enforceability. An agreement becomes enforceable only when it is coupled with obligation. An obligation is the legal bond, which binds the parties to a contract. The obligations springing from agreements should be legal obligations and not moral, social or religious obligations. Thus it can be said that all contracts are agreements but all agreements need not be contracts. The agreements that create legal obligations only are contracts. The validity of an enforceable agreement depends upon whether the agreement satisfies the essential requirements laid down in the Act. Section 10 lays down that ' all agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of the parties competent to contract for a lawful object and are not hereby expressly declared to be void'. Section 10 provides that all agreements are contracts, if they are made by the free consent of the parties, competent to contract, for a lawful consideration, and with a lawful object, and are not expressly declared by law to be void. The following are the essentials: a) Agreement: To constitute a contract, there must be an agreement between two or more than two parties. No one can enter into a contract with himself. An agreement is composed of two elements - offer or proposal by one party and acceptance thereof by the other party. The party making the offer (or proposal) is known as the offerer or proposer; the party to whom the offer is made is known as the offeree. When the offeree gives his assent to the offer, then he is known as the acceptor. At the time of entering into an agreement, parties must be thinking of the same thing in the same sense. In other words they must have what is known as consensus ad idem. b) Free consent: The consent of the parties to the agreement must be free and genuine. That is, the parties should agree upon the same thing in the same sense and their consent should be free from all sorts of pressure. The consent will not be free if it is obtained by misrepresentation, fraud, undue influence, coercion or mistake. c) Contractual capacity: The parties to agreement must be competent to contract, that is the parties entering into an agreement must have legal competence. In other words they must have attained the age of majority, should be of sound mind and should not be disqualified under the law of the land. The flaw in the capacity of parties to contract may be due to minority, lunacy, idiocy, drunkenness or status. If a party suffers from any of these flaws, then it may not be a valid one. d) Lawful consideration: The contract must be supported by consideration on both sides. Consideration means something in return for something. It is the price of the promise that is, each party to the contract must give or promise something, and receive something or a promise in return. However this consideration need not be in terms of money. In case the promise is not supported by consideration, the promise will be nudum pactum (a bare promise) and would not be enforceable by law. Moreover the consideration should be lawful and adequate. However, there are certain exceptions to this rule. e) Lawful object: The object of the agreement must be lawful and not one, of which the law disapproves. That is, it should not be forbidden by law, should not be fraudant, should not cause injury to the person or the property of another, should not be immoral or against public policy. f) Not expressly declared void: The statue should not declare an agreement void. The Act itself has declared certain types of agreements as void. E.g. agreements in restraint of marriage, trade, legal proceedings. In such cases, the aggrieved party can't seek any relief from the court of law. g) Possibility of performance: The agreement should be capable of being performed. e.g., Mr. A agrees with Mr. B to discover treasure by magic. Mr. B can't seek redressal of the grievance if Mr. A fails to perform the promise. h) Certainty of terms: The terms of the agreement should be certain. E.g., Mr. A agrees to sell 100 tons of oil. The agreement is vague as it does not mention the types of oil agreed to be sold. i) Intention to create legal obligation: Though section 10 is silent about this, under English law this happens to be an important agreement. Therefore, Indian courts also recognize this ingredient. An agreement creating social obligation can't be enforced. j) Legal formalities: Indian Contract Act deals with a simple contract supported by consideration. Agreements made in India may be oral or written. However, Section 10 states that where the statute states that the contract should be in writing and should be witnessed or should be registered, the same must be observed. Otherwise, the agreement can't be enforced e.g. under Indian Companies Act, the Memorandum of Association and articles of Association must be registered.
IntroductionThe Deccan Thorn Scrub Forests harbor the last populations of the globally threatened Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus), rediscovered recently, eighty-six years since it was last recorded in 1900. Otherwise, the ecoregion is neither exceptionally species-rich nor high in endemism. Many ecologistsbelieve that the thorn scrub vegetation represents a degraded stage of the tropical dry forests, modified by human and livestock use over hundreds of years.Location and General DescriptionSatellite view of southern India and northern Sri Lanka. (Photograph by National Geographic Society)The ecoregion represents the thorn scrub vegetation in the arid parts of the Deccan Plateau. It sprawls across the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra and also includes part of northern Sri Lanka.The Deccan Plateau itself was part of the ancient southern continent, Gondwanaland, that disintegrated during the Cretaceous to give rise to the Indian Subcontinent as well as Africa,Madagascar, Australia, South America, and New Guinea and some of the smaller islands such as New Caledonia and Tasmania. After the Deccan Plateau drifted northward to collide with the Eurasian continent about 50 million years ago, geological uplift gave rise to the Western Ghats Mountains along the western coast of the peninsula. This mountain range then intercepted the moisture-laden southwest monsoons and created a dry rainshadow in the vast plateau, affecting its vegetation. But in the more recent past, human influences have altered the vegetation to create vast areas of thorn scrub from what was believed to be tropical dry forests.Annual rainfall in the ecoregion is less than 750 millimeters. All rain is received during the brief wet season, and there is practically no rainfall from November to April. Ambient temperatures can exceed a sweltering 40oC during the hotter months of the year.The forest type in this ecoregion is mostly southern tropical thorn scrub, as defined by Champion and Seth (1968), but includes patches of tropical dry deciduous forests, which are believed to be the original vegetation. The former consists of open, low vegetation characterized by thorny trees with short trunks and low, branching crowns that rarely meet to form a closed canopy. The trees attain heights of 6-9 meters. The second story is poorly developed and consists of spiny and xerophytic species, mostly shrubs. During the brief wet season an ill-defined lower story can be discerned. The dominant vegetation is Acaciaspecies, with Balanites roxburghii, Cordia myxa, Capparisspp., Prosopis spp., Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Diospyros chloroxylon, Carrisa carandas, and Phoenix sylvestris.Changeable hawk eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus), India. (Photograph by Rahula Perera)Champion and Seth (1968) have also identified several habitat types within this vast thorn scrub ecoregion. In areas of particularly low rainfall and rocky soils, the thorn scrub transitions into a Euphorbia-dominated scrub (i.e., the southern Euphorbia scrub). Here the soil usually is bare, although some grassy growth may appear during the short monsoon season.In parts of Tamil Nadu, where rainfall is even less, the vegetation is made up of open thorny forests with scattered Acacia planifrons that are characterized by umbrella-shaped crowns. This vegetation is described as Carnatic umbrella thorn forests by Champion and Seth (1968).Scattered amid the thorn scrub are patches of dry grasslands that provide habitat for the native fauna. For example, the grasslands of southern Andhra Pradesh support a good population of the Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) and blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). The typical grasses in this habitat include Chrysopogon fulvus, Heteropogon contortus, Eremopogon foveolatus, Aristida setacea, and Dactylocteniumspp.Patches of dry deciduous forests, especially along the Tirupathi Hill Ranges, are known for a large number of medicinal plants and various other species of botanical interest, among which are the rare endemic cycad (Cycas beddomei) and Psilotum nudum. The latter usually is found along steep escarpments. A small patch of the dipterocarp Shorea talura exists within the Chittoor forest division, part of which is being maintained as a preservation plot by the Forest Department of Andhra Pradesh.The Srilankamalleswara Sanctuary between the Nallamalais and Sechachalam hill ranges is known for a rare, endemic tree species, red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus). This area is also the southern distributional limit of the nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in the Indian Peninsula.Biodiversity FeaturesUntil the recent past, this ecoregion provided important habitat for the tiger (Panthera tigris) (in the Indian sector) and Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). But over the years, their populations have dwindled and even become locally extinct because of the adverse influences from the dense human population.The mammal fauna in the ecoregion includes ninety-six species, including two endemic rodents and an endemic bat (Table 1).Table 1. Endemic Mammal Species. FamilySpecies Rhinolophidae Hipposideros schistaceus*Muridae Millardia kondana* MuridaeCremnomys elvira*An asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion.The endemic rodents are threatened. Other threatened species in the ecoregion include tiger, gaur (Bos gaurus), wild dog (Cuon alpinus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), chousingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), and blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). The important elephant populations are now only marginally included within this ecoregion. Small wolf populations may still be left, although most have been eliminated by a combination of loss of prey and poisoning by people as retribution for livestock predation.The ecoregion's bird fauna consists of almost 350 species, of which three are near-endemics (Table 2).Table 2. Endemic and Near-Endemic Bird Species. FamilyCommon Name Species Glareolidae Jerdon's courserRhinoptilus bitorquatusPhasianidaeCeylon junglefowlGallus lafayetiiCapitonidaeYellow-fronted barbetMegalaima flavifronsAn asterisk signifies that the species' range is limited to this ecoregion.The Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus) is a globally threatened species that was rediscovered in this ecoregion in 1986, after the last record in 1900 (Grimmet et al. 1998). The known population of this species is limited to a small area in this and the neighboring Central Deccan Plateau Dry Deciduous Forests. The Ceylon junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) is limited to the ecoregion's area in northern Sri Lanka. The globally threatened lesser florican (Eupodotis indica) and Indian bustard are other birds of conservation importance in this ecoregion.Current StatusMore than 90 percent of the ecoregion's natural habitat has been degraded or cleared, but one large block of habitat remains in southern Andhra Pradesh. The eleven protected areas cover more than 4,000 kilometers 2, but this represents just about 1 percent of the ecoregion area (Table 3). The Great Indian Bustard reserve accounts for most of the protected areas system.Table 3. WCMC (1997) Protected Areas That Overlap with the Ecoregion. Protected AreaArea (km2) IUCN Category Chandikulam 120 IV Vettangudi 20 IV Srivenkateswara 500 IV Nandur Madmesh War 80 IV Jaikwadi 230 IV Great Indian Bustard 2,600 IV Great Indian Bustart (extension) 250 PRO Sagareshwar 50 IV Ghataprapha 110 IV Tungabadra 90 DE Ranebennur 60 IV Total4,110 Ecoregion numbers of protected areas that overlap with additional ecoregions are listed in brackets.Types and Severity of ThreatsThe forests in this ecoregion have been degraded to thorn scrub solely as a result of these human activities. Among the more serious sources of degradation is pastoralism, both from heavy cattle grazing and from forest produce extracted by the pastoralists. Several village pastures have been taken over by an exotic thorny shrub, Prosopis juliflora, resulting in the loss of grazing areas for the cattle and encroachment into the reserved forests or protected areas for grazing. The conservation status of the ecoregion was changed from endangered to critical after the analysis of projected threats from the human population. There is a common perception that these dry forests are not important for conservation. Therefore, grazing and forest clearing, especially for fuelwood, are rampant