You could say
Quickly the boy ran all throughout the small village.
Or, Slowly the sloth crawled onto the next branch.
Yes. It is an adverb, saying "where" to go.
The adverb is NOT, modifying the verb "go" (will go).
The adverb is always, it is an adverb of frequency
First is the adverb as it describes the way in which the tent (the noun) should be ASSEMBLED (the verb). Therefore it adds-to-the-verb. The word first could be replaced by quickly, slowly, efficiently etc which are obviously adverbs (often have the suffix -ly) but first is also describing the way the verb should be carried out.
Not both together. Go is a verb, and back is the adverb.
The adverb derived from the adjective 'interesting' should be, and indeed is, 'interestingly'.
Yes, you can change patience into an adverb. The adverb is "patiently."
"not" is the adverb in that sentence. It modifies the verb "go".
No, it is a verb phrase. You could add an adverb to it, as in "should have seen CLEARLY."
go
No, the word "go" is not an adverb.The word "go" is a verb, a noun, an interjection and an adjective.
Yes, first is an adverb as well as an adjective. The word "firstly" is technically an adverb, but is not used to modify a single word, but an entire predicate.