The formalism of Huestis for placing bounds on subsurface temperatures is generalized to the case of heat flow measurements on a surface which is neither flat nor isothermal. The strip extending between the surface and the depth of interest is imbedded in a larger flat strip extending to a horizontal level everywhere above the topography. Using linear programming, heat sources within and temperatures on the boundary of this simpler region are found such that the heat flow data and temperatures on the Earth's surface are fit, heat production constraints are met, and the extremal bound is achieved.
an active volcano affects the surface because of where the place is located
epicenter
It doesnt effect the earths surface, it affects the the earth surface by expanding cracks in the ground.
The tilt of Earth's rotation axis creates the different seasons by causing the amount of sunlight received at a given location to vary throughout the year. This tilt also affects climate patterns and the distribution of temperatures on Earth's surface, impacting weather systems and ecosystems.
The sun affects the weather on earth because the suns heat makes water evaporate from earths surface.
100
50
70% or 80% of water covers the earths surface
About 71% of Earth's surface is covered by water, primarily in the form of oceans. The remaining 29% consists of land, which includes continents and islands. This distribution plays a crucial role in the planet's climate, ecosystems, and human activities.
No the crust covers earths surface
to draw the earths surface.
An even distribution of sunlight.