Jerusalem (Hebrew: Yerushalayim) is the holiest city in Jewish tradition and has been so since the time of The Bible. Starting in about the sixteenth century, three other cities that were at different times centers of Jewish life in Palestine have become regarded as holy cities, and together with Jerusalem they are considered the four holy cities of Judiasm: Hebron (Chevron), Safed (Tzfat) and Tiberias (Tiveria). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities . Note that Jerusalem is also a holy city of both Christianity and Islam, and that Hebron is a holy site for Islam as well.
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The Sabbath (Saturday) and Yom Kippur; and to a slightly lesser degree, the festivals.
The Middle East, in particular the city of Jerusalem in Israel has holy sites for all 3 of those religions.
Judaism does not have a Holy Temple. It was destroyed in the year 70 by the Romans. In Jewish writings of today, it is simply referred to as the Temple in Jerusalem, the Holy Temple, or Beit Ha-Mikdash (Hebrew for house of holiness).
The western wall is the most holy thing for the Jews ( and even for some chrostens because the western wall is a part of the Jewish temple ) . Because the western wall Jerusalem is holy for the Jews, this is the most holy city for the Jews .
There are no "holy cities" in Shinto. Each Shrine is considered to be the home of a God/dess. There are 1000's of Shrines in Japan.
Jerusalem
Israel
Rabbis and cantors
Of course not.
The is no such thing as a "judaism".
Judaism does not have a centralized leadership.