As a rock is falling through the atmosphere, it is a meteor. When it hits the earths surface, it is a meteoroid.
Pieces of rock that actually strike Earth's surface are called meteorites. When these fragments of asteroids or comets survive the journey through Earth's atmosphere and land on the surface, they are termed meteorites.
Tectonic Plates
It is actually called weathering, but if your talking about the process of rocks breaking down into smaller pieces by physical means it is called Mechanical Weathering, by chemical means it is called Chemical Weathering.
Height above earths surface is called elevation
There is no such thing as half of the Earth. If you are referring to half of the spherical shape of the Earth then it will be a hemisphere.
The atmosphere
As a rock is falling through the atmosphere, it is a meteor. When it hits the earths surface, it is a meteoroid.
Tectonic Plates
The process is called erosion.
It is actually called weathering, but if your talking about the process of rocks breaking down into smaller pieces by physical means it is called Mechanical Weathering, by chemical means it is called Chemical Weathering.
Molten rock that reaches the Earth's surface is called lava.
Height above earths surface is called elevation
Subsidence.
It is called the crust.
Projection
Magma once it reaches the earths surface is called lava.
There is no such thing as half of the Earth. If you are referring to half of the spherical shape of the Earth then it will be a hemisphere.
Sediments is pieces of solid material that have been deposited on Earth's surface. The sediments have been deposited by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical precipitation.