Current Circulation Coins:
One cent - no correct other name, but often colloquially called a "penny"
Five cents - "nickel"
Ten cents - "dime"
Twenty-Five cents - "quarter"
Fifty cents - "half dollar"
Dollar - "buck" Susan B Anthony dollar coins were often times called "Carter Quarters", large sized dollar coins including the Eisenhower dollar which contains no silver is often called a "Silver Dollar" and Sacagewea and Presidential Dollars are often called "Golden Dollars" even though they contain no gold and should be distinguished from the much smaller and older Gold Dollar (1849-1889) that was struck in real gold.
Historical Gold Coins:
$1 - "Dollar"
$2.50 - "Quarter Eagle"
$3 - "Three Dollar Piece"
$4 - "Stella"
$5 - "Half-Eagle"
$10 - "Eagle"
$20 - "Double Eagle"
Historical Coins:
1/2 Cent - "Half-cent piece"
2 Cents - "Two-Cent piece"
3 Cents - "Three-Cent Piece" (often called "trimes")
5 Cents (when struck in silver) - "Half-Dime"
20 Cents - "Twenty-Cent Piece" or "double dime"
All US coins use metal
There are different people on the coins. Not all are the same
All
Four words that appear on all US coins are "United States of America."
Because without coins the empires would not get bombs and all
Yes
"E Pluribus Unun" and "In God We Trust" are some sayings that are used on US coins. US coins no longer have to say "In God We Trust" but so far they all do.
No current circulating US coins contain any silver at all. For information about older coins, please see the Related Question.
The FACE value is the same as all other US coins set by the denomination.
No they don't all have mintmarks.
ALL us minted coins by stated value for a given year
No, retailers are allowed to accept whatever in payment for goods, be that US coins, Chinese Coins, gold and silver coins, or toothbrushes. A retailer can refuse to honor some or all US coins. However, since US coins are legal tender, a company cannot sue you for not paying a bill previously agreed upon in US dollars for paying in US coins. But at the point of purchase, a retailer can demand payment in whatever and can refuse US coins.