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Where do Taoisms pray?
Other than in their own homeisms, daoisms generally pray at shrinisms. Daoisms also usually burn incensisms while saying their prayerisms.
Late seventeenth century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings led to the deaths of twenty people and weakened the puritan clergys prestige?
Salem Witch Trials
Where did the clergys live in the middle ages?
Since "clergy" covers every level within the Church from doorkeeper to Pope, the answer is not a simple one. Many of the lowest levels of clergy either lived in their own homes or in Church schools (students were clerks in Minor Orders); priests lived in their own small houses near to their parish church; canons lived in a cathedral or canonry; deans serving on the staff of a bishop or archbishop had their own accommodation within a cathedral precinct; bishops had palaces; monks, novices, priors and abbots lived within a monastic precinct; cardinals and the pope had accommodation at the Vatican in Rome. Friars would live in a friary complex but work out on the streets; nuns lived in convents. Some clergy were attached to nobles or to the king and would have apartments within a castle or royal palace.
What major changes in the Christian church were made in the Middle Ages?
There are many reforms of the catholic church in the middle ages. Just a few are canon law (the laws made by the pope), the practice of simony (paying the pope or a bishop to become a priest) and the marriage of the clergy. Most of these reforms were used so the Church and the pope could gain power. Pope Gregory VII outlawed marriage of the clergy. Some say he did this so the offspring of married priests would not inherit the land that the Church owned. I'm sure there are many more reforms of the middle ages you can look into.
Compare European and sub-Saharan African contact with the Islamic world?
6Islam provided a political framework for trade and diplomacy over the eastern hemisphere from Africa to Southeast Asia; many diverse lands of varied culture thus became part of dar al Islam.â– Camels came to North Africa from Arabia about 7th centure BCE.â– Logical/natural for Muslim traders of North Africa to trade across Sahara with Sub Saharan West Arica.â– Established trading centers like Gao: copper, ironware, cotton textiles, salt, grain, carnelian beads traded.â– Koumbi-Saleh: capital and principal site of Ghana; many qadis and scholars lived there.â– Islam in West Africa: kings of Ghana converted:led to better relations with Muslim merchants; didn't impose Islam on their society though, and continued to observe traditional releigious customs (magis, idols, etc).â– Mansa Musa: ruled during the high point of Mali Empire from 1312-1337. Made famous pilgrimage to Mecca: he took Islam more seriously and established religious schools and sent students to study there.â– The Indian Ocean trade allowed the development of Eastern African society and kingdoms.â– All along the east coast: Africa got gold, slaves, and ivory from the interior and traded for pottery, glass, and textiles that Muslim merchants brought from Persia, India, and China.â– Swahili city-states: made up most of Africa and had built stone mosques.Islamic empire's push into SpainIn 814 Muslims invaded Byzantine Empire (located in eastern Europe)In 717 the Islamic empires attempt to conquer Constantinople, which was later named Istanbul by the Turks.1324-1360 Orhan I Gazi crosses into the Balkans in 1345 as ally of Byzantine Emperor.During the Umayyad Dynasty, Islam extended from India through Morocco into Spain.The defeat of the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 gave Seljuk Turks possession of Asia Minor.Many ideas coming from India on their way to Europe were adopted, and, in some cases, modified.Both European Christians and Islamic missionaries spread their religion and converted thousands of people.Silk, spices, porcelain were traded throughout the Middle East, China, India, and the Byzantine Empire.Because of the Ottoman pressure, the Europeans were forced to the Atlantic.The Crusades elevated tension between Islam and the Europeans.Merchants moved throughout dar-al-Islam, introduced useful crops to new regions: Spain, Mediterranean, islands of Cyprus, Crete, Sicily, and SardiniaIncreased agricultural production contributed to the rapid growh of cities in all parts of the Islamic world from India to SpainPaper manufactureIbn Rushd (1126-1198)- helped shape Islamic philosophyArab conquerors established Islamic faith in north Africa and sub-saharan Africa during the 7th-8th centuriesIslam=affront to Christianity (according to popes and clergys of Roman Catholic churches)Authority of Iberian peninsula fell to ChristiansOrganized conversion conventionsAppealed to Muslims by explaining Christianity in terms of scholastic theology and arguments by Aristotle (Muslims thought highly of him)Crusades began when Christians believed remaining Muslims needed to be "taken care of"Pope Urban II-promised salvation, response to his speeches were enthusiastic, victories were quickBecause of crusades, Christians (Europeans) became accustomed with Muslim ideas and inventions- science and astronomy, work of Aristotle, "Arabic" numerals (first founded in India), paper making techniques (first founded in China)Muslims began to explore northern Africa in the early 7th and 8th centuriesSoon crossed the Sahara desert into the Ghana empireCamel introduced as mode of transportation throughout Sahara and horses and donkeys no longer usedKoumbi-Saleh, capital city of Ghana empire, largest trade region and supported the arrival of qadi and Muslim scholarsBy the 10th century most kings adopted Islam and built mosques and Islamic schools throughout the empireMany citizens and merchants adopted Islam as well, but kept traditional religions and beliefs (mixed Islam)Islam defined differences between sexes and their roles in society while also supplementing traditional valuesits jumbled but its good infoCompared to Sub-Saharan Africa, Europeans generally did not adopt Islam. This is evident in that there are only two Muslim majority countries in Europe, and both those majorities are relatively small. (Although during and after the collapse of the Ottoman empire, many Muslims in Europe went to Turkey and any many Christians in Turkey went to Europe.) This is largely due to Islam coming to Eastern Europe through the Ottoman Empire, which allowed great autonomy to most of it's conquests and was never very concerned with spreading the Islamic faith. This was not true with the various Arab empires, who introduced Islam to Africa, and, for that reason, the areas in which Islam came to Africa became overwhelmingly Muslim.
