Structural engineering for one. Beams, columns, joists, angle iron, channels etc.
They can be a number of things: Smiles Rays of light Structural units holding up a roof or ceiling and made of wood or iron.
Beams are the structural members which are loaded perpendicular to longitudinal axis.
structural concrete theory & design
Solid solution may be an adequate expression.
Period Oak Beams sell solid oak beams and boards for fireplaces, shelves or structural use. The beams are tailored to different sizes, styles and features based on the customer's requirements.
The Floor slabs, beams, Columns and Trusses (for the roof).
The first I-beams made entirely of wrought iron were produced in Paris about 1847. The Trenton Iron Works in Trenton, New Jersey, began rolling wrought-iron I-beams in 1854
► Because it remains rigid. there is only one way to connect 3 lines into a triangle (think about beams and connectors). the structural strength comes from the beams and the connectors. the strength of the connectors is needed to keep the beams together, but the real strength comes from the beams. as long as they don't stretch/shrink, the triangle will be stable. for a rectangle, the same beams/connectors could be used for a parallelogram. all of the structural strength would have to be in the connectors. if the beams are allowed to pivot at the corners, you will loose the structure
Steel
Generally, the horizontal members in a building are called beams. Beams can be girts, which hold up joists, headers, which are found above windows, plates, that hold up rafters, etc. Beams are usually structural members.
Roof beams