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Jumpers are little caps that connect two pins from a header that is sticking up off of the circuit board. DIP switches often serve the same purpose. You would need a manual for whatever specific computer or motherboard to know the exact purpose of each jumper or switch.

Since everything is more Plug and Play these days, jumpers and DIP switches are used much less on motherboards. When they were used, they were used to configure the processor speed, amount of memory, whether there was a math coprocessor inserted, what type of video card was used, and other configuration options. On peripheral cards, dip switches were used to determine what DMA channel, IRQ channel, and base address the device was allowed to use, as well as any options specific to the card. An older video card might have had a jumper to configure the amount of memory that was installed. On older hard drives, jumpers were used to select the parameters of the hard drive, whether it was in master (primary) or slave (secondary) configuration, any size translation options, etc. Newer hard drives might have jumpers to set the speed of the interface, or as a workaround for the alignment problem the newer drives can have.

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