they are called reactants
This is called a catalyst. In biology, it is referred to as an enzyme (biological catalyst). Catalysts can also be used to speed up or slow down chemical reactions.
They are called reactants. The outputs are called products.
Limiting reactant
The limiting reagent (aka limiting reactant) is the substance which is completely used in a chemical reaction.
The process is called metabolism.
The chemical processes used to build up materials are called anabolism, while the processes used to break down materials are called catabolism. Together, these processes are part of an organism's metabolism, which is essential for maintaining life.
This is called a catalyst.
Enzymes are highly efficient catalysts, and only small quantities are needed to catalyze the reaction of relatively large amounts of materials.
Substances that participate in the complete, finished reaction are called reactants. Substances that participate for only part of the reaction (in other words, it is used up [or canceled out in the equation]) are called intermediates. Substances that do not participate in the reaction but are still added (and speed up the reaction [their identity is not changed]) are called catalysts.
limiting reagent
The presence of a catalyst in a reaction will lower the activation energy required to complete the reaction. The catalyst is not used up in the reaction, it is just there to speed it up.
In chemistry it's called a catalyst. In biology it's usually a protein and is called an enzyme.