There are huge numbers of options. You can invest in stocks, bonds, real estate, futures, etc. Here's a site to get started: http://beginnersinvest.about.com/
Options include investing on your own, provided that you are a savvy investor and have the time, money and patience investing requires. A 401K is another option.
You can look here http://www.tsp.gov/features/chapter07.html or www.aboutchet.com/faq/investment.htm. You can learn about your investing options on those sites.
One of the best options for investing money is to start a Roth IRA. This allows your after tax money to grow tax free.
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First check with your employer to find out if they offer a 401k retirement plan. Though you are referring to investing and could be investing for quicker returns, this would be a good starting point.
There are a number of software options one can consider using for stock investing. Some software packages one could use are 'Profit Source', 'eSignal', 'MetaStock' and 'TradeStation'.
One can find information on stock option investing from Fidelity, Sogotrade, and OptionsXpress. Other places one could learn about options investing are Investopedia and Intuit.
Preparing for retirement has many options other than investing in a 401K with your employer. Individual retirement accounts can be set up through your bank. Be sure to check about tax regulations and withdrawal options for any account used for retirement.
In terms of investing, it stands for "due diligence".
Information on binary options for the purposes of investing can be found in multiple ways. The most common are from sites like Daily Forex, Bee Options, Forbes, and Nadex.
You can determine what is a good price when it comes to buying stock by doing a company evaluation. You can read more at http://www.fool.com/investing/beginning/investing-strategies-your-first-stock.aspx
Learning the stock market is a complex process for a beginner into investing. Options for learning basic elements can be found at sites like Learn Vest, Yahoo, and Beginners Investing.