For one, there is the shark, (which I may be mistaken) of which has no actual scales. There is also I believe the manta ray, and whales. But I think that whales may be more mammal than fish. (Do correct me if I am wrong.)
Sardines are not scaleless fish. They have scales.
Catfish, eels, sharks.
mackerals have scales
It depends on what you are calling an "algae eater." A pleco is considered a scaleless fish. A Siamese or Chinese algae eater does have scales.
No,Puffer Fish are scaleless fish.
yes some of them include bowhead and catfish. There is also some half scaled fish like the leather carp.
No, all current varieties of Tilapia have scales.
Fish are animals that have moist scales. This is due to a layer of mucus coating the scales. However, a minority of fish don't have any scales at all. Catfish and eels are examples of scaleless fish.
Mackerel meets the halachic (Jewish law) requirements for being a kosher fish because it actually does have both fins and scales - when the fish is netted, it sheds its scales. It is, therefore, a kosher fish.
yes
The white lumps are what is commonly known as ick. Loaches are prone to it as are most other scaleless fish. If your tank and the other fish are healthy they should not be affected by it, if not, your whole tank could be wiped out by this disease. I recommend buying something like nox-ick, just be carefull, you want to do a half dose for scaleless fish. Ick is probably the most common fish disease and the easiest to cure, but it can have devistateing effects on tank if it isn't treated at an early stage.
Some aquarium salt is good for fish, the recommended amount is 1 tablespoon for every 5 gallons, however some aquatic plants and scaleless fish are very sensitive to salt and it will kill them. Cory Catfish are one of those fish.