the instruments in navigation are gps's, kamals, sextants, cross staff, back staff, mariners astrolabe, quadrant, and octants :)
There are quite a few devices that have made sea exploration as you know it possible. Submarines are one of these devices.
Eight. That may be a big part of the reason why they're called "OCTants".Or maybe it's just a coincidence.
Sextants
Quadrants are usually the four parts of a circle that are created by the two coordinate axes - in 2-dimensional space. Octants are their 3-dimensional counterparts: they are the eight shapes created by the three [orthogonal] coordinate planes.
Compasses, sextants, astrolabes, telescopes, and binoculars.
Than what? It is definitely better than LORAN, VOR, Sextants, etc.
They took star-sights with sextants and often made their own maps.
A protractor is one such instrument. Navigational aides that do the same include compasses and sextants.
Sextants are still available, and are a practical low-tech backup for when a boat's GPS and other electronics stop functioning. So if you're a ship's captain, or even just a serious hobbyist, it's well worth it to take the time to learn how to operate one.
Nowadays it is easy because of GPS, but in the olden days they had to use real navigation techniques with sextants and magnetic variation charts.
Navigation technologies in the age of Heroic Exploration included sextants, theodolites and other celestial navigation tools.