Kneelers
Prayer cusions have different names in different languages. In Urdu it is called Jai Namaz.
Prayer cushions are called kneelers or hassocks.
Another name for prayer cushions is "meditation cushions" or "zafu".
Cushions can be traced back to ancient China where they were developed for Monks and high-ranking devotees to kneel or sit on during prayer, or meditating. They were also used by the Emperor and his family for sitting in the palace.
I think it's called "Foam"
A disc. The circular cushions between the vertebrae are called discs. It can also be spelt disks.
Kneeling cushions are called hassocks
cartilage
There isn't any Hebrew prayer called "habet"
The building for a Muslim prayer is called a Mosque
The prayer at the end of a Sikh service is called the Ardas.
The Shema prayer.
Mons pubis
For a great resource on prayer for judgment check out: http://prayerforjudgment.com