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Simple future

Will is typically used in all persons to express simple futurity:

  • I will grow old some day.
  • Will they be here tomorrow?

Shall can also be used for this purpose in the first person (with "I" and "we"), and this usage has been presented as compulsory by some prescriptivist grammarians of English:

  • I shall grow old some day.
  • We shall all grow old some day.
Conditional sentences

Would and should are used in the same way as other preterite modal verbs in the apodosis clause when the conditional form is being used.Would is the most common modal verb used in this sense, as it expresses simple consequence (as opposed to the uncertainty involved withmight or could). Some speakers may additionally use should in the first person for the same purpose. Such usage is confined to those who would use shall in the first person to express simple futurity. It remains in stock phrases such as "I should think" and "I should expect".

  • We should/he would have consented if you had asked.
  • Should we/would he have missed you if you had been there?
  • I should/you would like a bath.
  • Should I/would he like it myself, himself?
  • You should do it if we could make you. (Our conditional command.)
  • They should have had it if they had asked. (My conditional consent.)

And a sentence containing both (as requested):

I shall leave and nobody will stop me.

When the speaker wants to be more forceful, he/she could use shall/will the other way round:

I will leave and nobody shallstop me!

Shall for I and We; will for he/she/it/they is the suggested way, but in everyday speech nowadays they appear to be interchangeable, and shall is used less and less frequently. We shall see how long it will continue in use.

A quick way to see the difference is:

Will generally implies that what follows is something that the subject (actor) literally "wills," where as shall does not imply such rather it merely becomes a grammatical device linking the subject to the main verb.

+++

Whilst "Shall" is becoming somewhat rarer in everyday speech, it is used to indicate compulsion rather than recommendation ("should") in legal or regulatory prose including for example company policies: "Appropriate PPE shall be worn in the workshop"; "All portable mains-powered electrical equipment shall be tested annually."

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11y ago

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