bonjour
Cognates are words which are the same in English and French.
Some English words derived from the Greek word "polis" include politics, police, and metropolis.
I don't think the French are missing any of their words.
One would use a French-English dictionary to translate words from French to English. Some online French-English dictionaries include Word Reference and the dictionary hosted at French Linguistics.
Possible "phone", meaning voice.
primary, prime
carte blanche
There are many words in English that have their origins in French (or Norman). It's one of the reasons that English is such a rich language as there are often "French" and "Saxon" words for the same thing (for example, courage (French) and bravery (Saxon)). Some other "French" based words in English are: perfume, accomplice, admire, ace, baggage, ballet - there is a link associated with this answer which provides a much longer list.
Dove love beauty marriage swan mirror
cognates- (dessert is dessert, plus is plus) They are not necessarily pronounced the same.
Many English words are derived from various languages such as Latin, Greek, French, and German. The names of things in English often have historical, cultural, or phonetic origins that have evolved over time. Some names are based on the physical characteristics, functions, or origins of the things they describe.
A HUGE part of the English language came from the French. Besides obvious expressions and words, such as attache, or faux pas, common words entered the language- such as beef (from boeuf) and pork (from porc).