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It is possible to get a list of psychological disorders from any good psychology textbook which will be in an academic library. There are a large number of them and some are still not fully accepted as disorders by all in the profession.
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Some disorders are due to an identifiable pathology, while others are thought to have a psychological origin.
There are many mental health disorders that have a psychological basis; more common are - Bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, sociopathy, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, schizoid ...
Properly administered and interpreted, a personality assessment has a good chance of revealing some things about all three.
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Many disorders and diseases can cause disorientation. Some of these include brain diseases like dementia and brain tumors, psychological disorders like anxiety and panic disorder, and physical issues like seizures and hypoglycemic attacks.
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It really depends on the mental disorders. Some people can be helped by training their minds to think in different ways or by dealing with personal issues that prevent them from functioning properly. Some mental disorders, like schizophrenia, can be made worse by psychotherapy. Medication seems to be a consistently effective treatment of schizophrenia.
Taking some lesser-known examples:NatchezUnamiTuteloPeoriaKlamath
Probably the most common disorders that can result in "pressured speech" patterns would be the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a related but lesser condition called hypomania (like bipolar but without the depressive cycle), or in some cases of schizophrenia.
The brain is an organ. If it is not working normally, than it has symptoms. Some diseases can be chronic or acute. A psychological disorder, like a phobia, can be acute in the sense that some are curable. A more serious diseases like Schizophrenia or Manic Depression are chronic- but their symptoms can be controlled. A disease has also been defined as "A pathological condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, and characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms." Other psychological disorders such as, post-traumatic stress, post-partum depression are caused by such things as environmental stress or a genetic defect. Schizophrenia is another example of being caused by an environmental stress or other causes. So, yes, psychological disorders are disease, as it is the brain- an organ- that manifests the symptoms.