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An internal control system requires sensors, a control center, communication systems, and targets:

  1. Sensors (or receptors) get information about conditions inside and outside the body.
  2. The control center (usually the brain) receives the sensors' information and compares it to the ideal values at which the body functions best. When the body experiences uncomfortable conditions, the control center responds by sending messages through a communication system.
  3. Communication systems are made of the nervous and and the endocrine systems, which carry the control center's messages to all parts of the body as nerve impulses or hormones, which tell the body's targets how to respond to internal or external changes.
  4. A target is any cell, tissue, or organ that changes its level of activity in response to a message in order to normalize the body's conditions.

For example, if you hold your breath, sensors in your circulatory and respiratory systems signal the brain stem, the body's respiratory control center, that there's a gradual increase in CO2 and a gradual decrease in O2. The control center sends nerve impulses to your diaphragm and rib cage muscles to repeatedly relax and contract in order to return your body's internal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to normal.

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