There are many possible Unix shells that users have access to. Some of these are:
sh - Bourne shell (the original shell)
ksh - Korn shell
bash - Bourne-again shell
csh - C shell
tcsh - variant of the C shell and other features
zsh - the 'z' shell
rsh - Restricted shell
ksh93 - '93 version of ksh
As Unix isn't any particular operating system, there is no distinct name for the kernel. Different versions of Unix may have vastly different kernel structures. The Linux kernel is called, well, the Linux kernel. The Vista kernel is a continuation of the "NT kernel" designed for Windows NT 3.1.
Unix was created first. The C programming language was created for Unix.
Unix is not open source, it is proprietary. Linux is the open-source version of Unix.
UNIX is an open source operating system. As natural for an OS, it has its own way of doing all the tasks it is supposed to do- like managing files, allocating resources, handling user accounts- so on and so forth. These features make working on UNIX a different experience to working on Windows or Mac OSx- just like the experience of Windows is dissimilar to the OSx experience. Keeping this in mind, the platform and the tools UNIX offers is collectively known as the UNIX environment.
Tree structure has nothing to do with UNIX.
There is no "default" Unix shell. Different Unix vendors shipped different shells.
Different shells are not required in Unix; they happen to be available to users to switch to if they wish. Different shells have different environments, depending on what type of user you are. Some users prefer one shell environment over another but it is merely personal choice, not a requirement.
William Holliker has written: 'UNIX Shell commands quick reference' -- subject(s): UNIX (Computer file), UNIX Shells
A shell is a command interpreter. This is not limited to Unix. The programs COMMAND.COM or CMD.EXE are also shells in the DOS/Windows environments. The program EXPLORER.EXE is also a shell, though with a graphical interface.
See related link
Don Crabb has written: 'Macspeed' 'Running UNIX so it doesn't run you' -- subject(s): Computer programs, UNIX Shells, UNIX device drivers (Computer programs) 'Getting the Most Out of Ninja'
yes
Not mainly, but the scripting shells are often available in different dialects or version, each one implementing more or less features, and providing sometimes the same features through different switches. The same applies to simple commands and filters, and also among different unix'es (SCO Unix, Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, ...). So never deploy anything before solid tests!
There is no such thing as 'unix C++'.
There is no official term for such an application, nor is there an official definition for "Windows-style", for that matter.
Backticks in PHP are simply shorthand for calling shell_exec on their contents, as in most Unix shells. See the related link.
The inherent problem in ing your question is that there is no single operating system known as "Unix." Unix is a specification for a large number of operating systems to meet and comply with. The installation for Solaris is different from that of AIX, which is different from that of TRU64. In order to receive a definitive , you would need to define which Unix you are trying to install.