Different shells are not required in Unix; they happen to be available to users to switch to if they wish. Different shells have different environments, depending on what type of user you are.
Some users prefer one shell environment over another but it is merely personal choice, not a requirement.
There is no "default" Unix shell. Different Unix vendors shipped different shells.
Different Unix and Unix-like systems have different ways of installing software. Some require just dropping the binary into /usr/bin. Others require additional libraries to be installed. These libraries can be difficult to install manually, so many systems have what is called a "package manager", which automatically install the programs and needed libraries.
William Holliker has written: 'UNIX Shell commands quick reference' -- subject(s): UNIX (Computer file), UNIX Shells
A shell is a command interpreter. This is not limited to Unix. The programs COMMAND.COM or CMD.EXE are also shells in the DOS/Windows environments. The program EXPLORER.EXE is also a shell, though with a graphical interface.
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There are many possible Unix shells that users have access to. Some of these are: sh - Bourne shell (the original shell) ksh - Korn shell bash - Bourne-again shell csh - C shell tcsh - variant of the C shell and other features zsh - the 'z' shell rsh - Restricted shell ksh93 - '93 version of ksh
Don Crabb has written: 'Macspeed' 'Running UNIX so it doesn't run you' -- subject(s): Computer programs, UNIX Shells, UNIX device drivers (Computer programs) 'Getting the Most Out of Ninja'
yes
Not mainly, but the scripting shells are often available in different dialects or version, each one implementing more or less features, and providing sometimes the same features through different switches. The same applies to simple commands and filters, and also among different unix'es (SCO Unix, Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, ...). So never deploy anything before solid tests!
There is no such thing as 'unix C++'.
The inherent problem in ing your question is that there is no single operating system known as "Unix." Unix is a specification for a large number of operating systems to meet and comply with. The installation for Solaris is different from that of AIX, which is different from that of TRU64. In order to receive a definitive , you would need to define which Unix you are trying to install.
There is no official term for such an application, nor is there an official definition for "Windows-style", for that matter.