Longissimus
Spinalis
Semispinalis
Iliocostalis, a minor role in extension but a major role in lateral bending and twisting of the spine
Multifidius, a stabilizer muscle, plays a minor role in back extension
The inferior most tip of the vertebral column is the coccyx, also known as the tailbone. It is made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together. The coccyx serves as an attachment point for various muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral
THORACIC MUSCLESFUNCTIONNERVELongissimus ThoracisExtension, lateral flexion of vertebral column, rib rotationDorsal primary divisions of spinal nervesIliocostalis ThoracisExtension, lateral flexion of vertebral column, rib rotationDorsal primary divisions of spinal nervesSpinalis ThoracisExtends vertebral columnDorsal primary divisions of spinal nervesSemispinalis ThoracisExtends & rotates vertebral columnDorsal primary divisions of spinal nervesRotatores ThoracisExtends & rotates vertebral columnDorsal primary divisions of spina
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvature.
There are four muscles that extend the leg. vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris.
The vertebral column (backbone or spine) of a human supports approximately half the weight of the human body while muscles support the other half. The vertebral column comprises four regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral (or pelvic). Each region of the spine comprises various vertebral bodies separated by discs. The vertebral bodies act as a support column to hold up the spine. The vertebral column protects sensitive nerve roots while providing mobility. The vertebral column is subjected to various types of loads, particularly when a person is seated. Excessive loading of the spine over time often leads to back pain, particularly caused by improper posture while seated. The vertebral column is made up of 33 ring like bones calle vertebrae.It is divided into five main regions -- 7 cervical vertebrae(C1-C7) in the neck,12 thoracic (T1-T7) in the chest, 5 lumbar (L1-L5) in the lower back, 5 fused sacral vertabrae in the sacrum and 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae. The 26 movable vertebrae are linked by movable joints. In between the bones of each joint is an intervertebral disc which is a springy pad of tough, fibrous cartilage that squashes when pressure is exerted absorbing any shocks. Ligaments and muscles around the spine provie stability and assist with controlling muscles.
Animals that have the four basic characteristics of chordates (dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits) plus a vertebral column are known as vertebrates. Examples include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
The quadricepts (a group of four) are voluntary muscles that extend the leg at the knee.
The Hamstrings consist of three muscles that have the same action: the Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus. Their actions are to flex the knee joint, adduct the leg, and extend the thigh. The Quadriceps femoris is four muscles of the femur. They are the Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, and Vastus intermedialis. As a group (the quads) they extend the leg at the knee.
Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius,
The vertebrae
it extend the spinal cord through four fifth of the spinal column