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The earliest vacuum tubes were used as direct display devices, and also as rectifiers of alternating current. In 1906 Lee De Forest invented the triode valve, from which all subsequent vacuum devices have devolved. The triode allowed the electronic amplification of electrical signals, and from this, our modern communications industries have developed.

Amplifiers may be made into oscillators by applying feedback.

The triode may also be made into a switch (of various sorts), and this is the base on which the digital industries are based. This craft embodies the technologies of electronics, combined with Boolean algebra and signal theory.

Quite complex assemblies of valves may be combined, such as triode-hexode combinations. Very large power may be controlled by the triode principles.

Modern Thyristor assemblies - today's solid-state equivalent of the vacuum tube - may be used to control Megawatts of power in High Voltage Direct Current transmission systems.

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