The Southern Alps
The Southern Alps is the name you seek. It starts in Fiordland in the south, and finishes in Nelson Province in the north.
Guadalcanal is part of the Solomon Island chain. It was discovered by Alvaro de Mendana, a Spanish explorer, in 1568.
See "Mountain chain" for answer
The Transantarctic Mountains are the southernmost mountains in the world
That would be the Himalayan chain of mountains.
The Appalachian Mountains.
A chain of volcanic mountains
The Rockies!
Yes, a string of mountains is commonly referred to as a mountain range or a mountain chain. These terms are used to describe a series of mountains that are connected together along a continuous line.
The Hawaiian Island Chain (consisting of 19 islands and atolls) are actually to tops sea-mountains known as the Hawaiian Ridge. It was form over thousands of years by volcanic activity over a "hotspot" in the Earth's mantle. Movement of the tectonic plates have moved the island chain slowly in a north by northwest direction, thus creating more islands (read mountains).
Kilauea is located in the centre of a crustal plate (the pacific plate) away from any plate boundaries. The Hawaiian island chain exists due to the presence of a hotspot (potentially caused by a mantle plume) under the centre of this plate causing volcanism.
A row or chain of mountains is called a mountain range.