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If a reactor cannot be properly controlled, it will quickly overheat. This is what happend at Chernabyl, Russia. The fuel rods melted into the reactor floor and released a large plume of radio-active steam. The way to immeidatly shut down a reactor is a S.C.R.A.M.(Safety Control Rod Axe Man). A reactor has control rods that exorb radiation and stop the reaction when lowered onto the fuel rods. The first reactor had a rope holding up the control rods. A guy with an axe would chop the rope if the reaction got out of control. Another is shielding. The core is surounded with lead and concrete that shields people from the radiation from the reactor.

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Q: What are the mechanical protections need in reactors?
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