Depending on where you are they include stiff penalties (in the US, anything from $700 to $500,000 per infringement, plus potentially court costs and attorney's fees.)
In egregious cases, jail time can be imposed if a criminal infringement case is filed.
The specific law varies from country to country. In the US, it is the Copyright Act 1976; in the UK, it is the Copyright, Design, and Patents Act 1988.
Federal law.
Fair use is an exemption to copyright law; using it carries no penalties.
Many types of willful infringement of copyright are felonies, under US copyright law. 18 USC § 2319 lists the penalties for various violations, including felonies and misdemeanor copyright crimes. These penalties are in addition to any civil damages or injunction for infringement, which may be claimed by a copyright owner through a lawsuit.
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A copyright sign tells you that that specific content is protected under United States copyright law. It acts as a warning and reminder that any unauthorized use of said content may result in penalties.
Generally, owners will settle for actual damages unless the infringement has been extremely damaging.
Fines can be assessed for up to 5000 GPB per infringement; in extreme cases, infringers may be jailed for up to 10 years.
Short phrases like song titles cannot be protected by copyright.
That depends on the website where the image was pulled from.
Copyright law is a federal law, granted in the Constitution.
Copyright law.