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A solid is a semiconductor if it is an insulator at low temperatures (e.g. T < 40 K for silicon) and is a conductor at higher temperature. Its energy band has a forbidden gap where charge carrier cannot occupy. At low temperatures, the probability of a charge carrier having enough energy to be freely roaming in the solid is about nil. That probability increases with temperature. One reminder, an intrinsic semiconductor (~ pure) is charge-neutral (positive charge is exactly balanced with negative charge) at all temperatures. Hence, a "pure" semiconductor is quite useless. However, when we introduce foreign atoms into the material (e.g. arsenic atoms in silicon), the doped semiconductor is very useful indeed. The useful solids created the modern electronics industry -- semiconductors have mostly replaced vacuum tubes as the technology of choice in electronic devices. Nowadays, it is hard to find a radio, TV, cellular phone, GPS, calculator, computer, etc. without an integrated circuit in it.

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