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What are the riddles proverbs folksongs and folktales of Bagobo Aeta Subanun Isneg and Tagbanua?
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∙ 11y ago
i really don't know
Wiki User
∙ 11y ago
Nhel Bautista
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A story of the orphan girl by subanun?
A story about an orphan girl by Subanun is a Philippine folk tale. Its other name is referred to as "The Widow's Son."
What were the 22 languages rizal knows?
Some of the languages that Jose Rizal, a Filipino national hero, is said to have known include Spanish, Filipino (Tagalog), English, French, German, Italian, and Latin. He also had knowledge of other Philippine languages such as Bisayan, Ilocano, and Kapampangan, as well as some Chinese dialects like Hokkien and Mandarin.
Origin of cultural minorities in the Philippines?
Cultural Minorities.PHILIPPINES: LAND AND ITS PEOPLEThere are more than 65 cultural minorities, similar to the Indian tribes in the United States, who live in reservations and in the mountains.The total number of the cultural minorities in the Philippines according to the govern ment is 4 million. There are two categories:1. Muslim in Mindanao - they are called minority in terms of religious affiliation, which affects the whole life activity. They number about 2,000,000 and are found in Jolo, Basilan, Isabela and Western part of Mindanao.2. Hill tribes - these are found in several provinces in the whole country. Aside from Mindanao, the biggest concentration of the minority community is in the Moun tain Province, north of Luzon. Religion-wise, they are animists. There are approximately million of them.It includes the Muslim groups, which are comprised of the Maranao, the Samal, the Maguindanao, the Tausug, etc. They live in the Sulu Archipelago and southern Mindanao.There are also the so-called upland tribal groups who live in the mountain regions of the country, such as in the Mountain Province of Luzon. In northern Luzon, the other ethnic groups include the Bontoc, the Kalinga, the Ifugao, the Kankanay, the Ibaloi, the Isneg, the Ilongot, the Tinguian, and the Gadang.The Mangyan group lives in Mindanao and the Batak and the Tagbanua live in Palawan. In Mindanao there are groups known as the Tiruray, the T'Boli, the Bagobo, the Mandaya, the Bukidnon, the Subanun, and the Manobo. The Negritoes, popularly known as the Agta or the Aeta live in the mountainous areas of Luzon, Negros, Panay, and Mindanao."I love you! Iniibig Kita!" Yes, "I love you" is said in about 87 dialects or languages in the Philippines. These include Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilocano, Cebuano, Pangasinanian, Bicolano, Hiligaynon, Chabacano, and the different dialects spoken by other ethnic groups such as Muslims and cultural minorities.The indigenous peoples of the Philippines consist of a large number of indigenous ethnic groups living in the country. They are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines who have managed to resist centuries of Spanish and United States colonization and in the process have retained their customs and traditions.In the 1990s, there were more than 100 highland tribal groups constituted approximately 3% of the population. The upland tribal groups were a blend in ethnic origin like other lowland Filipinos, although they did not have contact with the outside world. They displayed a variety of social organization, cultural expression and artistic skills. They showed a high degree of creativity, usually employed to embellish utilitarian objects, such as bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons and spoons. These groups ranged from various Igorot tribes, a group that includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga and Kankana-ey, who built the Rice Terraces. They also covered a wide spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with lowland Christian and Muslim Filipinos. Native groups such as the Bukidnon in Mindanao, had intermarried with lowlanders for almost a century. Other groups such as the Kalinga in Luzon have remained isolated from lowland influence.There were several indigenous groups living in the Cordillera Central of Luzon in 1990. At one time it was employed by lowland Filipinos in a pejorative sense, but in recent years it came to be used with pride by native groups in the mountain region as a positive expression of their ethnic identity. The Ifugaos of Ifugao Province, the Bontocs, Kalinga, Tinguian, the Kankana-ey and Ibaloi were all farmers who constructed the rice terraces for many centuries.Other mountain peoples of Luzon are the Isnegs of northern Kalinga-Apayao Province, theGaddangs of the border between Kalinga-Apayao, and Isabela provinces and the Ilongots of Nueva Vizcaya Province and Caraballo Mountains all developed hunting and gathering, farming cultivation andheadhunting. Other indigenous people such as the Negritos formerly dominated the highlands throughout the islands for thousands of years, but have been reduced to a small population, living in widely scattered locations, primarily along the eastern ranges of the mountains.In the southern Philippines, upland and lowland tribal groups were concentrated on Mindanao and western Visayas, although there are several indigenous groups such as the Mangyan living in Mindoro. Among the most important groups found on Mindanao include the Moro, Manobo, Bukidnon of Bukidnon Province, Bagobo, Lumad, Mandaya, and Mansaka, who inhabited the mountains bordering the Davao Gulf; the Subanon of upland areas in the Zamboanga; the Mamanua in the Agusan-Surigao border region; and the Bila-an, Tiruray and Tboli in the region of the Cotabato province. The tribal groups of the Philippines are known for their carved wooden figures, baskets, weaving, pottery and weapons.NOTE: I'm not sure!! haha..
What are the names of all the dialects in the Philippines?
Some of the major dialects in the Philippines include Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, and Bicolano, among others. There are over 100 dialects spoken throughout the country, reflecting its diverse linguistic landscape.
400 dialect in the Philippines?
The Philippines has over 100 different ethnic groups, each with their own dialects and languages. However, the country recognizes 13 regional languages as officially recognized, with Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English as the official languages.
Life and work of Rizal chapter21 summary?
EXILE IN DAPITANArrival in manila. Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila at nooon of Sunday, June 26, 1892, on board the small steamer Don Juan. The met by s platoon of carabineers and their commander. While the carabineers were inspecting their luggage, a captain and sergeant of theGuardia Civil Veterana (Manila Police), both in disguise, watched the inspection procedings. After the customs inspection, Rizal and his sister were allowed to go.The Founding of the Lega Filipina. The succeeding days saw Rizal a very busy man. His presence in Manila caused a sensation among the Filipinos who were all eaaager to see him and talk with him. On the other hand, the Spaniard were woried, fearful of his grat popularity.1. To unite whole archipelago into one compact and homogeneous body.2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.3. Defense against all violence and injustice.4.Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce.5. Study and applicant of reform.Deportation to Dapitan. On July 7, 1892, Rizal was summoned to Malacanan. Governor Despujol asked him if he still wanted to go back to Hongkong. Rizal replied in the affirmative.July 7, 1892, Governor Despujol's decee depirting Rizal to an island in the south was published by the Gaceta de Manila, a newspaper in Manila. This gubernatorial decree recited the reason for Rizal's deportation, as follow:1.Rizal had published books and articles abroad whitch showed disloyalty to Spain and whitch were "frankly anti-Catholic" and "imprudently anti-friar."2.A new hours after his arrival in Manila "there was found in one of the packages. . .a bundle of handbills entitled 'Pobres Frailes' in which the patient and humble generosity of Filipinos is satirized, and which accusation is published agaist the customs of the religious order."3.His novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the memory of the three 'traitors' (Burgos,Gomez,and Zamora), and on the title page he wrote that in view of the vices and errors of the spanish administration, "the only salvation for the Philippines was separation from the mother country."4."The end which he pursues in his efforts and writings is to tear from the loyal Filipino breasts the treasures of our holy Catholic faith."Rizal in Dapitan. The ship which brought Rizal to Dapitan also carred a letter by Fr.Pablo Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Societyin the Philippinse, to Fr.Antonio Obanch, Jesuit missionary of Dapitan . In this letter, Father Pastells informed the missionarry that Rizal could live in the Jesuit mission house on the following conditions;1. "That Rizal publicly retract his errrors concerning religion, and make satements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution.2. "That he perform the church rites and make general confession of his past life.3. "That henceforth he conduct himself in an exemplaly manner as a Spanish subject and a man of religion.Rizal-Pastells Debate on Religion. During his exile in Dapitan, Rizal had a long and scholary debate by correspondence with Father Pastells on religion . It started when Father Pastells sent a book by Sarda to Rizal, witch an advice that the latter (Rizal) should desist from his foolishness (majaderias) in trying to view religion from the prism of individual judgment and self-esteem.Four letters written by Rizal as follows: (1)September 1, 1892; (2)November 11, 1892; (3)January 9, 1893; and (4)April 4, 1893; and in Father Pastells' replies date: (1)October 12, 1892, (2)December 8, 1892; (3)February 2, 1893; and (4)April (no exact date), 1893.Useful and Peaceful Life. In Dapitan, Rizal led an exemplary life, fruitful of achievements and idyllic in serenity.Describing his life in Dapitan,Rizal wrote to Blumentritt on December 19, 1893:I shall tell you how we live here. I have three house: one square, another hexagonal, and a third octagonal , all of bamboo, wood, and nipa. In the square house we live , mother, sister Trinidad, a nephew and I : in the octagonal live my boys or some good youngsters whom I teach arithmetic, Spanish, and English; and in the hexagonal live my chickens. From my house I hear the murmur of a crystal clear brook which comes from the high rocks: I see the seashore, the sea where I have small boats, two canoes or barotos, lanzones, guayabanos, baluno, nanka, etc. I have rabbits, dogs, cats, etc. I rise early at five visit my plants, feed the chicken, aweken my people and put them in movement . At half-past seven we breakfast with tea, pasties, cheese, sweatmeats, etc. Later I treat my poor patients, who come to my land; I dress, go to the town in my baroto, treat the people there , and retur at 12, when my luncheon awaits me. Then I teach the boys until 4 p.m and devote the afternoon to agriculture. I spend the night reading and studying.As Physician in dapitan. Rizal practised medicine in Dapitan.In August, 1893 his mother and sister (Maria) arrive in Dapitan and live with him for one year and a half. For the third time, Rizal operated on his mother's eyes. The operation was succesful, but Dona Teodora, ignoring her son's instructions, removed the bandages from her eyes, therby causing the wound to be infected.Rizal as Engineer. Rizal held the title of expert surveyor (perito agrimensor), which he obtained from the Ateneo.An American engineer, Mr. H. F. Cameron, praised Rizal's engineering feat in the following words:Another famous and well-known water supply is that of Dapitan, Mindanao, designed and constructed by Dr.Rizal during his banishment in that municipality by the Spanish authorities. . . This supply comes from a little mountain stream across the river from Dapitan and follows the contour of the country for the whole distance. When one considers that Doctor Rizal had no explosives witch which to blast the hard rocks and no resources save his own ingenuity, one cannot help but honor a man who , against adverse condition, had the courage and tenacity to construct the aqueduct which had for its bottom the flutted tiles from the house roofs, and was covered with conrcete made from lime burned from the sea coral. The length of this aqueduct is several kilometers, and it winds in and out among the rocks and is carrried across gullies in bamboo pipes upheld by rocks or brick piers to the distribution reservoir.Civic Projects for Dapitan. When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he was sad to see it-dirty, unkempt , and unprogressive. He decided to improve it, to the best of his God-given talents, and to awaken the civic consciousness of its people. He wrote to Fr. Pastells; " I want to do all that I can for this town."HYMN TO THE TALISAY TREEAt Dapitan, the sandy shoreAnd rocks aloft on mountain crestFrom by throne, O refuge blest,That we from childhood days have known.In your vales that flowers adorn,And your fruitful leafy shade,Our thinking power are being made,And soul with body being grown.We youth not long on earthBut our souls are free from sorrow;Calm, strong men we'll be tomorrow,Who can guard our famillies' rights.Lads are we whom naught can frighten,Whether thunder, waves, or mainIn peril shall we wage our fights.With our games we churn the sand,Through the caves and crags we roam,On the rocks we make our home,Everywhere our arms can reach.Neither dark nor night obscureCause us fear, nor fierce tormentThat ever Satan can invertLife or death? We must face each!"Talisayans," people call usMighty souls in bodies small.O'er Dapitan's district allNo talisay like this tower.None can match our reservoir.Our diving pool the sea profound!No rowing boat the world aroundFor a moment can pass ours.We study science exact;The history of our motherland;Three languages or four command;Bring faith and reason in second.Our hands can manage at one timeThe sail and working spade and pen,The mason's maul-for virile menCompanions; and the gun and sword,Live, live, O leafy green Talisay!Our voices sing thy praise in chorus,Clear star, and precious treasure for us,Our childhood's wisdom and its balm.In fights that wait for every man,In sorrow and adversity,The memory a charm will be,And in the tomb, the name, the calm.CHORUSHail, O Talisay!Firm and untiringEver aspiring,Stately thy gait.Things, everywhereIn sea, land and airShalt thoubdominate.Contributions to Science. Rizal found Mindanao a rich virgin field for collecting specimens.Rizal discovered some rare specimens which were named in his honor by the scientists. Among these were Draco rizali(a flying dragon), Apogonia rizali (a small beetle) and Rhacophorus rizali (a rare frog.)Rizal also conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological and geographical studies, as revealed by his voluminous correspondence with his scientist friends in Europe.Linguistic Studies. A born linguist, Rizalcontinued his studes of languages in Dapitan. He wrote a Tagalog gramar, made a comparative study of the Bisayan andMalayan languuages, and studied the Bisayan (Cebuan) and Subanun languages.Artistic Works in Dapitan. Rizal continued his artistic pursuits in Dapitan . He contributed his [ainting skill to the Sisters of Charity who were preparing the sanctuary of the Holy Virgin in their private chapel.Rizal as Farmer. In Dapitan Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture.Rizal as Businessman. Aside from farming, Rizal engaged in business. In partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan mechant, he made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries. He invited his relatives, particularly Saturnina and Hidalgo to come to Mindanao, for there" is vast and ample field for business" in the island.Rizal as Inventor. One little-known fact about Rizal was that he was also an inventor. It should be remembered that in 1887, while practising medicine in Calamba, he invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt. He called itsulpukan.Rizal and Josephine Bracken. In the silent hours of the night after the day's hard work, Rizal was often sad. He missed his family and relatives, his good friends in foreign lands, the exhilarating life in the cities of Europe, and his happy days in Calamba. The death of Leonor Rivera on August 28, 1893 left a poignant void in his heart. He needed somebody to cheer him up in his lonely exile.Rizal wrote a poem for Josephine, which runs as follow:Josephine, oh josephine,Who here to these far shores hats come?To fund you a nest, a home, like swallows, lost, that we have seen,If now by fortune's turn you flyTo Japan, China, or Shanghai.Still on these shese shores do not forget,A heart is beating for you yet.Rizal and the Katipunan. While Rizal was mourning the loss of his son, ominous clouds of revolution gradually darkened Philippine skies. Andres Bonifacio, the" Great plebeian," was sowing the seeds of an armed uprising. The secret revolutionary society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892, was gaining more and more adherents.Volunteers as Military Doctor in Cuba. Months before the Katipunan contracted him, Rizal had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba, which was then in the throes of revolution and where there was shortage of physicians to minister to the needs of the Spanish troops and the Cuban people.
What languages are spoken in the Philippines?
Filipino (Tagalog) and English are the official languages of the Philippines. There are also various regional languages and dialects spoken throughout the country, such as Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, and Waray, among others.
What are the different kinds of palawan musical instruments and their definitions?
Music instruments, mechanisms that produce sounds, have been used for various purposes. In earlier times they were also used as an adjunct to dance or to labor. In later civilizations, instrumental music was used for entertainment. Present day musicological studies, following the Hornbostel-Sachs classification, divide instruments into the following categories: idiophones, aerophones, chordophones, and membranophones.IdiophonesInstruments that produce sound from the substance of the instrument itself (wood or metal) are classified as idiophones. They are further subdivided into those that are struck, scraped, plucked, shaken, or rubbed. In the Philippines there are metal and wooden (principally bamboo) idiophones.Metal idiophonse are of two categories: flat gongs and bossed gongs. Flat gongs made of bronze, brass, or iron, are found principally in the north among the Isneg, Tingguian, Kalinga, Bontok, Ibaloi, Kankanai, Gaddang, Ifugao, and Ilonggot. They are most commonly referred to as gangsa. The gongs vary in sized, the average are struck with wooden sticks, padded wooden sticks, or slapped with the palm of the hand. Gong playing among the Cordillera highlanders is an integral part of peace pact gatherings, marriages, prestige ceremonies, feasts, or rituals.In southern Philippines, gongs have a central profusion or knot, hence the term bossed gongs. They are three of types: (1) sets of graduated gongs laid in a row called the kulintang; (2) larger, deep-rimmed gongs with sides that are turned in calledagung, and (3) gongs with narrower rims and less prominent bosses calledgandingan. These gongs may be played alone but are often combined with other instruments to form various types of ensembles.Bamboo idiophones abound in the Philippines-xylophones, drums, quill-shaped tubes, stamping tubes, scrapers, buzzers, and clappers.The bamboo xylophone, gabbang, is found in southern Philippines among the Yakan, Sama, Tausug, and Palawan. It consists of bamboo keys of graduated lengths mounted on a trapezoidal box. The number of keys varies among the different tribes, ranging from 3 to 22. In northern Luzon, among the Kalinga, individual xylophone-like blades called patatag are struck with bamboo sticks.The bamboo slit drum, such as the Bukidnon bantulais fashioned out of a bamboo tube closed at both ends with anode with a slit cut out of the tube. Found among different groups of people, its main use is to announce important events.The struck quill-shaped bamboo tubes with notches etched on the tube, are found only in southern Philippines such as the Maranao tagutok and the Maguindanaokagul. The player scrapes the notches with a bamboo stick.Among the Cordillera highlanders, bamboo buzzers are widespread. They are made from a length of bamboo closed with a node at the bottom, with its top half shaped so that two tongues face each other. The top half is struck against the palm of the hand. They are known by different names such as balingbing, pew-pew,pakkung, bilbil, bungkaka by the various groups.The Ifugao have a bamboo clapper, hanger, fashioned from a tubular section of bamboo, split from one end to approximately half of the tube. Each half of the split portion is shaped to make it narrower in the middle, thus making it more flexible when the halves are made to flap against each other.Wooden idiophones include sticks, suspended logs, and log drums. The Hanunuokalutang consists of pair of sticks cut from forest trees. These are struck against each other and played while hiking through forest and mountain trails.The Ifugao pattung is a percussion yoke bar made from a tapered piece of wood and struck with a stick. It is used in a ceremonies for the sick, at rites which entail the offering of sacrificial pigs, or at death rituals.Suspended logs are widespread in southern Philippines where they are known by different tribes. The Maguindanao luntang consists of several logs of varying lengths hung in order from longest to shortest. The pointed playing ends of each log is struck by one performer creating a melody against which another performer beats drone rhythm on one of the logs.The Tagakaolo edel is a sounding board with resonator played during wedding celebrations together with a drum or gong to accompany dancers. The Bagobo and Bilaan have similar drums.Jews harps are bound all over the Philippines. They are principally made from bamboo although in Philippines some are made of metal. It is a type of mouth resonated instrument consisting of a flexible tongue fixed at one end to a surrounding frame. The player places the free end of the instrument with the hand, or in some other types by pulling a string attached to the blade. The instruments have different manes among the various tribes. In the south the most common term is kubing, in the northulibaw.AerophonesPhilippine bamboo aerophones include various types of flutes, pan-pipes, and reed pipes. The most widespread and numerous are the flutes which are mostly end-blown with the air stream directed into the open end of the tube.The lip valley notch flute, so called because of its mouthpiece which is obliquely cut and curved at a slant to follow the contour of the player's lips, is found in northernand southern Philippines. They are known by different names among the different linguistic groups, such as the paldong in the south and the palendag in the north. They are instruments of leisure, used for serenading, courting, or merely to pass the time away.The nose flute, another type of end-blown flute, is found mostly in northernPhilippines where the Kalinga call it tongali, the Bontok kaleleng, and the Ifugaoungiung. It is found sporadically in some areas of the south among the Hanunuo(lantuy), the Batak (lantoy), and the Bukidnon (bulaktob). The Cuyunin of Palawan have gigantic nose flutes with tubes much larger in diameter than those found in Luzon.Less common flutes are the ring type called sulingin southern Philippines; the whistle type called thumpong (Subanun); and the reed called saunay (Tausug).Stopped pipes found in northern Philippines are the saggeypo (Kalinga) and thesagay-op(Bontok). The bamboo pipe is closed on one end by a node with the open end held against the lower lip of the player as he blows directly across the top. The pipe can be played individually by one person or in ensembles of three or more.Rarely used today is the bamboo panpipes called diwas, diwdiwas, or dew-dew. These consist of a number of bamboo pipes (5-8)strung together.Most Philippine transverse flutes are adaptations or imitation of European versions evident in the borrowed names such as flauta (Ilonggo, Sebuano, Bicol); plawta(Manobo) and palawta (Hanunuo, Waray). The Cuyunin use a transverse flute calledtipanu which is also found among the Batak of Palawan.Other blown instruments are those made from shell or carabao horn. These are used for calling people or sending messages over wide distances. Shell trumpets include the budyong, lungga, taburi. Carabao horns are the tambuli (Tagalog) andkogao(Ifugao).ChordophonesThese are bamboo or wood stringed instruments that may be struck, plucked, or bowed. They included zithers, lutes, and bowed strings.Philippine zithers have resonating bodies that are made from bamboo tubes or half tubes with strings that run parallel to the length of the tube. Tube zithers are found in northern Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan. They are of two types: polychordal zithers with several strings that run around the tube, and parallel stringed zithers which have two strings on one side of the tube.Polychordal tube zithers found in the Cordilleras, Mindanao and Palawan have strings that are etched out of the bamboo body, remaining attached at both ends. Small wooden frets are inserted beneath the string near the ends. The number of strings varies from 5 to 8 or 9 and occasionally even 11. Some names by which this zither is called are:kolitong, kollessing, kulibet, saluray, sigitan, takul, tangke, togo, and pagang.northern Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao, and Palawan where they are known by such names as tambi, bamban, tabengbeng, kudling, tabobo,thambabok, takumbo, and patigunggung.Lutes are found only in the south, in Mindanao and Palawan. They are of the long neck variety, with two stings that run from the neck to the base of the resonating chamber. One sting plays a drone, the other a melody. Though all the lutes are fretted, the location and number of frets vary between groups. The frets of the Maranao and Maguindanao kudyapi are glued to the body of the resonating chamber, while the frets of the Bilaanfuglung, the Mansaka and Mandaya kudlong and the Palawan kusyapiare located on the neck of the instrument.One stringed bowed lutes (fiddles) of the long neck variety are found in Mindanao. They have a sounding box made from a coconut half shell covered with a leaf, or a piece of bark or animal skin. The string is make of abaca fibers, horse hair, and more recently, wire. In is called duwagey by the Manobo and Bilaan.The rondalla ensemble consists of plucked string instruments: thebandurria, the laud, the octavina, the six stringed gitara and the bajo de unas or Bass Guitar.In the parallel stringed tube zithers, two bamboo strands, about 5 cm. apart, are etched out to the tube to serve as strings. At mid-point of the tube, below the strings, a small sound hole is bored and covered by a small bamboo plate clipped to the strings. When played, the strings are struck by a bamboo stick or plucked. The instrument, with slight variations, is found inIn the later period of the Spanish regime, a favorite string ensemble calledcumparsa emerged. It was anadaptation of similar instrumental groups in Mexico (murza or murga) and Spain (estudiantina). During the early years of the American regime, the cumparsa was superceded by the rondalla.The bandurria is pear shaped, with a rounded back, a round sound hole and a fretted neck. It serves as the melody instrument of the ensemble. The octavinaandbandurria are tuned an octave below the laud. They furnish the inner harmonies and contrapuntal elaboration to the melody. The gitara's main function is to supply the arpeggiated or chordal underpinnings of the ensemble. The bajo de unas is tuned like the contra-bass.MembranophonesSingle and double headed drums are found throughout the Philippines. They are variously shaped--conical, cylindrical, goblet shaped, barrel shaped. Animal skins (snake, deer, or goat) is used as head/heads of the drum. They may be beaten with sticks or by the palm portion of bare hands. Drums are seldom used alone except to announce tidings over long distances. Usually they are played with other instruments, particularly gongs, to form different kinds of ensembles.The sulibao and kimbal of the Bontok and Ibaloi are longitudinal slightly barrel shaped hollowed out logs with deer skin heads on one end. The taller drum (ca. 80 cm) is called the kimbal; the shorter (ca. 75 cm) is called the sulibaw. The drum dead is small measuring about 6 cm. in diameter. They are played with palms of two hands. The drums are combined with gongs and other instruments to form different types of ensembles.The Ifugao libbit, ludag is a conical drum with a deer or goat skin head. It is played with a gong during harvest time under the rice granary.The dabakan is a large goblet shaped drum used by the Maranao and Maguindanao in their kulintang ensembles.The forgoing listing of Philippine Musical Instruments has been based primarily on holding of the archives at the U.P. Center for Ethnomusicology.
Palawan's musical instruments with their pictures and descriptions?
Music instruments, mechanisms that produce sounds, have been used for various purposes. In earlier times they were also used as an adjunct to dance or to labor. In later civilizations, instrumental music was used for entertainment. Present day musicological studies, following the Hornbostel-Sachs classification, divide instruments into the following categories: idiophones, aerophones, chordophones, and membranophones.IdiophonesInstruments that produce sound from the substance of the instrument itself (wood or metal) are classified as idiophones. They are further subdivided into those that are struck, scraped, plucked, shaken, or rubbed. In the Philippines there are metal and wooden (principally bamboo) idiophones.Metal idiophonse are of two categories: flat gongs and bossed gongs. Flat gongs made of bronze, brass, or iron, are found principally in the north among the Isneg, Tingguian, Kalinga, Bontok, Ibaloi, Kankanai, Gaddang, Ifugao, and Ilonggot. They are most commonly referred to as gangsa. The gongs vary in sized, the average are struck with wooden sticks, padded wooden sticks, or slapped with the palm of the hand. Gong playing among the Cordillera highlanders is an integral part of peace pact gatherings, marriages, prestige ceremonies, feasts, or rituals.In southern Philippines, gongs have a central profusion or knot, hence the term bossed gongs. They are three of types: (1) sets of graduated gongs laid in a row called the kulintang; (2) larger, deep-rimmed gongs with sides that are turned in calledagung, and (3) gongs with narrower rims and less prominent bosses calledgandingan. These gongs may be played alone but are often combined with other instruments to form various types of ensembles.Bamboo idiophones abound in the Philippines-xylophones, drums, quill-shaped tubes, stamping tubes, scrapers, buzzers, and clappers.The bamboo xylophone, gabbang, is found in southern Philippines among the Yakan, Sama, Tausug, and Palawan. It consists of bamboo keys of graduated lengths mounted on a trapezoidal box. The number of keys varies among the different tribes, ranging from 3 to 22. In northern Luzon, among the Kalinga, individual xylophone-like blades called patatag are struck with bamboo sticks.The bamboo slit drum, such as the Bukidnon bantula is fashioned out of a bamboo tube closed at both ends with anode with a slit cut out of the tube. Found among different groups of people, its main use is to announce important events.The struck quill-shaped bamboo tubes with notches etched on the tube, are found only in southern Philippines such as the Maranao tagutok and the Maguindanaokagul. The player scrapes the notches with a bamboo stick.Among the Cordillera highlanders, bamboo buzzers are widespread. They are made from a length of bamboo closed with a node at the bottom, with its top half shaped so that two tongues face each other. The top half is struck against the palm of the hand. They are known by different names such asbalingbing, pew-pew,pakkung, bilbil, bungkaka by the various groups.The Ifugao have a bamboo clapper, hanger, fashioned from a tubular section of bamboo, split from one end to approximately half of the tube. Each half of the split portion is shaped to make it narrower in the middle, thus making it more flexible when the halves are made to flap against each other.Wooden idiophones include sticks, suspended logs, and log drums. The Hanunuokalutangconsists of pair of sticks cut from forest trees. These are struck against each other and played while hiking through forest and mountain trails.The Ifugao pattung is a percussion yoke bar made from a tapered piece of wood and struck with a stick. It is used in a ceremonies for the sick, at rites which entail the offering of sacrificial pigs, or at death rituals.Suspended logs are widespread in southern Philippines where they are known by different tribes. The Maguindanao luntang consists of several logs of varying lengths hung in order from longest to shortest. The pointed playing ends of each log is struck by one performer creating a melody against which another performer beats drone rhythm on one of the logs.The Tagakaolo edel is a sounding board with resonator played during wedding celebrations together with a drum or gong to accompany dancers. The Bagobo and Bilaan have similar drums.Jews harps are bound all over the Philippines. They are principally made from bamboo although in Philippines some are made of metal. It is a type of mouth resonated instrument consisting of a flexible tongue fixed at one end to a surrounding frame. The player places the free end of the instrument with the hand, or in some other types by pulling a string attached to the blade. The instruments have different manes among the various tribes. In the south the most common term is kubing, in the northulibaw.AerophonesPhilippine bamboo aerophones include various types of flutes, pan-pipes, and reed pipes. The most widespread and numerous are the flutes which are mostly end-blown with the air stream directed into the open end of the tube.The lip valley notch flute, so called because of its mouthpiece which is obliquely cut and curved at a slant to follow the contour of the player's lips, is found in northernand southern Philippines. They are known by different names among the different linguistic groups, such as the paldong in the south and thepalendagin the north. They are instruments of leisure, used for serenading, courting, or merely to pass the time away.The nose flute, another type of end-blown flute, is found mostly in northernPhilippines where the Kalinga call it tongali, the Bontok kaleleng, and the Ifugaoungiung. It is found sporadically in some areas of the south among the Hanunuo(lantuy), the Batak (lantoy), and the Bukidnon (bulaktob). The Cuyunin of Palawan have gigantic nose flutes with tubes much larger in diameter than those found in Luzon.Less common flutes are the ring type called suling in southern Philippines; the whistle type calledthumpong(Subanun); and the reed called saunay (Tausug).Stopped pipes found in northern Philippines are the saggeypo (Kalinga) and thesagay-op(Bontok). The bamboo pipe is closed on one end by a node with the open end held against the lower lip of the player as he blows directly across the top. The pipe can be played individually by one person or in ensembles of three or more.Rarely used today is the bamboo panpipes called diwas, diwdiwas, or dew-dew. These consist of a number of bamboo pipes (5-8)strung together.Most Philippine transverse flutes are adaptations or imitation of European versions evident in the borrowed names such as flauta (Ilonggo, Sebuano, Bicol); plawta(Manobo) and palawta (Hanunuo, Waray). The Cuyunin use a transverse flute calledtipanuwhich is also found among the Batak of Palawan.Other blown instruments are those made from shell or carabao horn. These are used for calling people or sending messages over wide distances. Shell trumpets include the budyong, lungga, taburi. Carabao horns are the tambuli (Tagalog) andkogao(Ifugao).ChordophonesThese are bamboo or wood stringed instruments that may be struck, plucked, or bowed. They included zithers, lutes, and bowed strings.Philippine zithers have resonating bodies that are made from bamboo tubes or half tubes with strings that run parallel to the length of the tube. Tube zithers are found in northern Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan. They are of two types: polychordal zithers with several strings that run around the tube, and parallel stringed zithers which have two strings on one side of the tube.Polychordal tube zithers found in the Cordilleras, Mindanao and Palawan have strings that are etched out of the bamboo body, remaining attached at both ends. Small wooden frets are inserted beneath the string near the ends. The number of strings varies from 5 to 8 or 9 and occasionally even 11. Some names by which this zither is called are:kolitong, kollessing, kulibet, saluray, sigitan, takul, tangke, togo, and pagang.northern Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao, and Palawan where they are known by such names as tambi,bamban, tabengbeng, kudling, tabobo,thambabok, takumbo, and patigunggung.Lutes are found only in the south, in Mindanao and Palawan. They are of the long neck variety, with two stings that run from the neck to the base of the resonating chamber. One sting plays a drone, the other a melody. Though all the lutes are fretted, the location and number of frets vary between groups. The frets of the Maranao and Maguindanao kudyapi are glued to the body of the resonating chamber, while the frets of the Bilaanfuglung, the Mansaka and Mandaya kudlong and the Palawan kusyapiare located on the neck of the instrument.One stringed bowed lutes (fiddles) of the long neck variety are found in Mindanao. They have a sounding box made from a coconut half shell covered with a leaf, or a piece of bark or animal skin. The string is make of abaca fibers, horse hair, and more recently, wire. In is called duwagey by the Manobo and Bilaan.The rondalla ensemble consists of plucked string instruments: thebandurria, the laud, the octavina, the six stringed gitara and the bajo de unas or bass guitar.In the parallel stringed tube zithers, two bamboo strands, about 5 cm. apart, are etched out to the tube to serve as strings. At mid-point of the tube, below the strings, a small sound hole is bored and covered by a small bamboo plate clipped to the strings. When played, the strings are struck by a bamboo stick or plucked. The instrument, with slight variations, is found inIn the later period of the Spanish regime, a favorite string ensemble calledcumparsaemerged. It was anadaptation of similar instrumental groups in Mexico (murzaor murga) and Spain (estudiantina). During the early years of the American regime, the cumparsa was superceded by the rondalla.The bandurria is pear shaped, with a rounded back, a round sound hole and a fretted neck. It serves as the melody instrument of the ensemble. The octavina andbandurriaare tuned an octave below the laud. They furnish the inner harmonies and contrapuntal elaboration to the melody. The gitara's main function is to supply the arpeggiated or chordal underpinnings of the ensemble. The bajo de unas is tuned like the contra-bass.MembranophonesSingle and double headed drums are found throughout the Philippines. They are variously shaped--conical, cylindrical, goblet shaped, barrel shaped. Animal skins (snake, deer, or goat) is used as head/heads of the drum. They may be beaten with sticks or by the palm portion of bare hands. Drums are seldom used alone except to announce tidings over long distances. Usually they are played with other instruments, particularly gongs, to form different kinds of ensembles.The sulibao and kimbal of the Bontok and Ibaloi are longitudinal slightly barrel shaped hollowed out logs with deer skin heads on one end. The taller drum (ca. 80 cm) is called the kimbal; the shorter (ca. 75 cm) is called the sulibaw. The drum dead is small measuring about 6 cm. in diameter. They are played with palms of two hands. The drums are combined with gongs and other instruments to form different types of ensembles.The Ifugao libbit, ludag is a conical drum with a deer or goat skin head. It is played with a gong during harvest time under the rice granary.The dabakan is a large goblet shaped drum used by the Maranao and Maguindanao in their kulintang ensembles.The forgoing listing of Philippine musical instruments has been based primarily on holding of the archives at the U.P. Center for Ethnomusicology.Pictures can be found at Palawan's musical instruments (copy into address bar).
