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Q: What are volcanic rock particles ranging in diameter from .25mm to less than 5mm?
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How many changes in he positions of the continents affect global climates?

Continents affect the climate by their size and by their effects on ocean circulations, but if you are worried that we will be affected in turn, don't be! The mean speed of continental drift is about 25mm/year so nothing for us to lose sleep over!


How do you prepare 25mM sodium tartrate buffer pH 2.5?

Tartaric acid - 18.75 mM Sodium Tartrate Dihydrate - 6.25 mM pH of this mixture should be near 2.9, adjust pH down to 2.5 using HCl, and QS to 1 L by water.


How long will it be before the continents collide again?

Well, they still are!Africa is very slowly catching up Southern Europe. They are both drifting roughly N to NE but Africa's mean velocity is a veryfew millimetres faster than that of Europe.Just to make it more fun. the NE of the African continent is rifting (splitting) away from the rest at observable rates.India is still compressing Southern Asia, pushing up the Himalaya range at a slightly faster rate than the mountains are being eroded.The Pacific Ocean is closing. I don't know its present width in km & velocities (i.e. speeds in given directions) in mm/year,but if you took a mean closing rate of an ocean of that width as 20mm/year and look up that width, then you can work out the approximate time from its width, asssuming constant speed! I'd recommend you use index-notation (N X 10x) to helpcope with the numbers involved*.The Atlantic is widening at about 20-25mm/yr - so again, if you find its width you can work out its rough age by range. Clue: the initial riftingstarted in the Tertiary.*[1millimetre = 1 X 10-3 metres therefore =1 x 10-6 kilometres)


How many gallons of water do Americans waste every day?

Let's see.For one person, its about 6 gallons.So, 6 * 250,000,000 = 1.5 billiontheres a problem with your answer, the 250,00,000 population includes plenty of people who don't own cars. the actual number is closer to 800 million gallons per day. i got my number through the US using an estimated 360 million gallons (44% of global gasoline use) per day.18700000000


How much water vapor is in the stratosphere?

According to the USGS and NOAA, a 1km³ cumulus cloud would weigh about 2.21 billion pounds, or about 1,105 tons (US). The same volume of dry air weighs about 2.22 billion pounds, which is why clouds float. Because it is less dense than air, in truth, it doesn't "weigh" anything. It has volume. If you sucked all the water vapor out of the air and put it in a bucket, though, using the below chart as a guide and the fact that water is 1kg per liter, and one liter of water is 0.1 cubic meters, you'd have 12,900,000,000 liters of water, which is 12.9 trillion kg. (It's enough to cover the earth's 510,072,000 km² surface with about 25mm of water. Because the earth's average rain fall is about 1 meter, you can figure that all of this water vapor is recycled every nine or ten days.) So, to convert that metric to US tons and answer your question, all of that means that there is approximately more than 14.2 billion US tons of water vapor in the atmosphere. Water sourceWater volume, in cubic milesWater volume, in cubic kilometersPercent of total freshwaterPercent of total waterAtmosphere3,09412,9000.04%0.001%Total global fresh water8,404,00035,030,000100%2.5%Total global water332,500,0001,386,000,000--100%Source: Gleick, P. H., 1996: Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp.817-823.