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What assures the payment of otherwise noncollectable court judgments against licensees who have committed fraud misrepresentation deceit or conversion of trust funds in a transaction?
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What are the salient features of deferred database modification and immediate database modification schemes for recovery?
In deffered database the transaction is committed after the transaction is completed i.e(the transaction has completed its partially committed state) where as for immediate database the transaction is commited when tha transaction is in the active state. keta shah Oracle DBA track trainer ITS knp_shah@yahoo.co.in
What is cascadeless schedule?
One where every transaction reads only the items that are written by committed transactions.
What are the ACID rules for executed transactions?
Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions)Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no "in-between" case where something has been updated and something hasn't)Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction)Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after).
What is transaction processing in dbms?
Transaction processing is information processing that is divided into individual, indivisible operations, called transactions. Each transaction must succeed or fail as a complete unit; it cannot remain in an intermediate state. Transaction mandatorily requires acknowledgment to get received as a necessary feedback for accomplishment.Transaction processing is designed to maintain a computer system (typically a database or some modern filesystems) in a known, consistent state, by ensuring that any operations carried out on the system that are interdependent are either all completed successfully or all canceled successfully.For example, consider a typical banking transaction that involves moving $700 from a customer's savings account to a customer's checking account. This transaction is a single operation in the eyes of the bank, but it involves at least two separate operations in computer terms: debiting the savings account by $700, and crediting the checking account by $700. If the debit operation succeeds but the credit does not (or vice versa), the books of the bank will not balance at the end of the day. There must therefore be a way to ensure that either both operations succeed or both fail, so that there is never any inconsistency in the bank's database as a whole. Transaction processing is designed to provide this.Transaction processing allows multiple individual operations to be linked together automatically as a single, indivisible transaction. The transaction-processing system ensures that either all operations in a transaction are completed without error, or none of them are. If some of the operations are completed but errors occur when the others are attempted, the transaction-processing system "rolls back" all of the operations of the transaction (including the successful ones), thereby erasing all traces of the transaction and restoring the system to the consistent, known state that it was in before processing of the transaction began. If all operations of a transaction are completed successfully, the transaction is committed by the system, and all changes to the database are made permanent; the transaction cannot be rolled back once this is done.Transaction processing guards against hardware and software errors that might leave a transaction partially completed, with the system left in an unknown, inconsistent state. If the computer system crashes in the middle of a transaction, the transaction processing system guarantees that all operations in any uncommitted (i.e., not completely processed) transactions are cancelled.Transactions are processed in a strict chronological order. If transaction n+1 intends to touch the same portion of the database as transaction n, transaction n+1 does not begin until transaction n is committed. Before any transaction is committed, all other transactions affecting the same part of the system must also be committed; there can be no "holes" in the sequence of preceding transactions.
What does setAutoCommit do?
When a connection is created, it is in auto-commit mode. This means that each individual SQL statement is treated as a transaction and will be automatically committed right after it is executed. The way to allow two or more statements to be grouped into a transaction is to disable auto-commit mode
What recovery actions is required for ensuring the durability property of a database?
Durability is one of the ACID properties of computer science, which guarantees the reliable processing of database transactions (single logical operations). Specifically, durability ensures that committed transactions will persist even if the system crashes. This can be obtained via a transaction log or flushing the transaction's log records to non-volatile memory before returning an acknowledgement for the transaction.
If someone has committed a tort of conversion can they be subject to a criminal prosecution?
Yes, something can be both a tort and a criminal offense. For example, if a person steals something they can be criminally prosecuted for theft, and found liable in civil court for the tort of conversion.
Are the kids insure on car insurance?
Whose kids, what kids? If you have provided your insurance company with the driver's license information, name, birthday, and any other information for your children who live with you then yes, they will be covered on your policy. If you have not given the company this information, they will not be covered as you have committed material misrepresentation and voided the contract.
What is ACID test in application in database system?
The ACID model is one of the oldest and most important concepts of database theory. It sets forward four goals that every database management system must strive to achieve: atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability. No database that fails to meet any of these four goals can be considered reliable.Let's take a moment to examine each one of these characteristics in detail: * Atomicity states that database modifications must follow an "all or nothing" rule. Each transaction is said to be "atomic." If one part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction fails. It is critical that the database management system maintain the atomic nature of transactions in spite of any DBMS, operating system or hardware failure. * Consistencystates that only valid data will be written to the database. If, for some reason, a transaction is executed that violates the database's consistency rules, the entire transaction will be rolled back and the database will be restored to a state consistent with those rules. On the other hand, if a transaction successfully executes, it will take the database from one state that is consistent with the rules to another state that is also consistent with the rules. * Isolation requires that multiple transactions occurring at the same time not impact each other's execution. For example, if Joe issues a transaction against a database at the same time that Mary issues a different transaction, both transactions should operate on the database in an isolated manner. The database should either perform Joe's entire transaction before executing Mary's or vice-versa. This prevents Joe's transaction from reading intermediate data produced as a side effect of part of Mary's transaction that will not eventually be committed to the database. Note that the isolation property does not ensure which transaction will execute first, merely that they will not interfere with each other. * Durability ensures that any transaction committed to the database will not be lost. Durability is ensured through the use of database backups and transaction logs that facilitate the restoration of committed transactions in spite of any subsequent software or hardware failures. Take a few minutes to review these characteristics and commit them to memory. If you spend any significant portion of your career working with databases, you'll see them again and again. They provide the basic building blocks of any database transaction model.
What are some sins committed in a Torah standpoint by a ponzi scheme?
Unless the buyer/investor is told that he is putting money into a pyramid scheme, the solicitor is committing Geneivas Daas and Mekach Ta'us (misrepresentation), which is in this case a Grama (an entrance) into theft. In other words, it is a form of lying by default and stealing by intent.
Your b-friend is a felon he sold a legal gun how can you keep him out of trouble?
It all depends on how he handled the transaction. If he owns firearms he is allowed to sell them, he is not denied the right to SELL his private property. He just can't handle them or be anywhere near them. If you handled the entire transaction for him and he was never anywhere near them, he's okay. If not, and law enforcement found out about it, he may be in trouble. If he actually had it in his home or whatever or, if he actually handled the weapon during the transaction, he has committed the offense, especially if the buyer will testify in court to these facts.
What ACID stands in SQL Server?
ACID (an acronymn for Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a concept that Database Professionals generally look for when evaluating databases and application architectures. For a reliable database all this four attributes should be achieved. Atomicity is an all-or-none proposition. Consistency guarantees that a transaction never leaves your database in a half-finished state. Isolation keeps transactions separated from each other until they’re finished. Durability guarantees that the database will keep track of pending changes in such a way that the server can recover from an abnormal termination. Above four rules are very important for any developers dealing with databases. Ref: http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2007/12/09/sql-server-acid-atomicity-consistency-isolation-durability/ - ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability) is an acronym and mnemonic device for learning and remembering the four primary attributes ensured to any transaction by a transaction manager (which is also called a transaction monitor). These attributes are: Atomicity. In a transaction involving two or more discrete pieces of information, either all of the pieces are committed or none are. Consistency. A transaction either creates a new and valid state of data, or, if any failure occurs, returns all data to its state before the transaction was started. Isolation. A transaction in process and not yet committed must remain isolated from any other transaction. Durability. Committed data is saved by the system such that, even in the event of a failure and system restart, the data is available in its correct state. The ACID concept is described in ISO/IEC 10026-1:1992 Section 4. Each of these attributes can be measured against a benchmark. In general, however, a transaction manager or monitor is designed to realize the ACID concept. In adistributed system, one way to achieve ACID is to use a two-phase commit(2PC), which ensures that all involved sites must commit to transaction completion or none do, and the transaction is rolled back (see rollback). Ref: http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid87_gci213756,00.html
