I think (election) campaign is the phrase you are looking for. After a candidate is nominated he runs a campaign to try to convince voters to vote for him in the upcoming election.
primary
They are "elected".
primary election
Vice presidential candidates are generally chosen in order to garner extra votes in the general election. The votes will usually come from a specific area of the nation like the South or the West.
The president is elected by direct election every 5 years. If no candidate receives a majority of the votes, a run-off election is held between the top 2 candidates.
No, he was one of the candidates for the presidency during the 2012 election, and he won. There is no election in 2013.
An election in which delegates select and nominate candidates is called a caucus.
In the Jeffersonian democracy presidential candidates would be chosen by caucuses that were held by political leaders. In a Jacksonian democracy the candidates would be chosen by conventions.
Sure, and in fact they often do. They wouldn't do so near the general election, because by then most of the time each party has its candidates already chosen, and there's not really much point in having the guy you've already chosen debate a bunch of guys you passed over. Before the primaries, though, it does make sense to have the candidates for each party debate each other.
The campaign begins. Candidates try to win voters by how
There are no candidates for the papacy. This is not like a political election. However, any male Catholic could, technically, be elected as pope.. However, the pope is usually chosen from within the ranks of the cardinals.
they are chosen by the candidates