The Earth, Sun, and entire solar system are believed to have coalesced out of a large cloud of matter known as a nebula. As the Sun was forming, the matter surrounding it began to rotate around the new center of gravity. Earth was formed from dust and rocks already orbiting the Sun, so technically the planet was orbiting before it even really existed.
orbit
Yes - actually it is caused by the varying angle between Sun, Earth, and Moon; and that depends mainly on the Moon's orbit.
the moon
No. The space station is in a stable orbit around the earth. Eventually, the orbit will decay and the station will begin falling toward the earth if steps are not taken to reestablish the stable orbit.
No, it is not.
Earth probably formed by accretion near the same orbit it is in now. Gravitational interaction from other bodies probably caused it to drift to its current orbit.
~41,000 years, caused by changes in tilt of the earth relative to the plane of the orbit.
Two revolutions and a rotation.
100,000 and 400,000 years, caused by changes in the shape of earth's orbit around the sun.
A change in Earth's total insulation can be caused by variations in the Sun's output, changes in Earth's orbit, or alterations in the composition of Earth's atmosphere such as increased greenhouse gas concentrations.
That probably wouldn't make much difference. Earth's orbit is almost circular already. Please note that the seasons are basically caused by the tilt of Earth's axis - NOT, as some believe, by the varying distance from the Sun.
Sort of. The definition of a month is one moonth ... one lunar cycle.