Northern troops had the chance to take advantage of their victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in the latter half of 1863. Also, the Confederates were forced out of Chattanooga. The Southern armies were in retreat or in strictly defensive postures. Instead of pressing on in some form in these areas, they focused on what can be called secondary targets that the South could afford to lose. This lack of using their power by the Union gave the South extra time to reorganize and resupply their armies.
It gave hope to the Union and caused a change in momentum.
On the first day of the US Civil War Battle of Shiloh, the Confederates led by Albert S. Johnston took the Union forces by surprise and gained all the momentum. They pushed the Union forces to a point where the river was their rear guard. One the second day of the battle, however, fresh troops under the command of Union General Buell, gave the Union a tremendous troop advantage and their assault on the Rebels reversed the momentum, forcing the Southern army to retreat.
The Battle of Gettysburg was crucial to Union morale and it shifted the momentum. The battle occurred on July 1- 3, 1863.
When General Halleck arrived in Washington DC, he was dismayed. He saw that that politics and in-fighting between Lincoln and McClellan and the Union administration were all hurting the Union's war efforts.
Radical Republicans who were dissatisfied by the way the Lincoln administration was pursuing the Union's war efforts formed the Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. This committee was formed in December of 1861. The Committee's investigations on the Union's war efforts caused fury and controversy throughout the the war. It impacted, for example, Lincoln's selection of political appointees to generalships.
There were two battles which marked the turning point of the war in favor of the Union: - The siege and surrendering of Vicksburg (May 19 to July 4, 1863 ) - The battle of Gettysburg (July 1 - 3, 1863)
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Pennsylvania joined the Union as the second state on 12 December 1787
The ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment
The Union Commanding General on the field at Second Manassas was General John Pope.