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Q: What causes the movement of calcium and sodium ions in and out of cardiac cells?
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What is the purpose of the sodium-calcium exchanger in cardiac muscle?

Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles need extracellular calcium ions in order to perform contractions. The sodium-calcium exchanger is the protein that facilitates this transfer, trading calcium from outside the cardiac cell with sodium inside the cell.


What is digitoxin?

Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside. The mode of action of digitoxin is to increase the concentration of calcium and sodium inside the cells. This causes the heart muscle fibers to contract more strongly.


In cardiac muscle the fast depolarization phase of action potential is the result of?

increased membrane permeability to sodium ions


Will calcium bond with chlorine and sodium?

Calcium will bond with chlorine, but not with sodium. Sodium is a metal like calcium, so they will not bond with each other.


What is sources of calcium and sodium in oceans?

Ocean water contain sodium and calcium chlorides.


Are sodium calcium and chromium metals nonmetals or metalloids?

Sodium, calcium and chromium are metals.


What are the families of sodium and calcium?

Elements ending in -ium are metals. Sodium and Calcium are alkali metals.


Do calcium carbonate and sodium chloride react?

Calcium carbonate and sodium chloride doesn't react.


Copper sulphate add to sodium hydroxide result colour?

Calcium sulphate + Sodium hydroxide > Sodium sulphate + Calcium hydroxide


How does calcium react with sodium carbonate?

No. Sodium and calcium will not react with each other because they are both non-metals.


What metal is more reactive sodium or calcium?

sodium


What are the formulas for sodium and calcium - hydroxides?

Sodium hydroxide = NaOH Calcium hydroxide = Ca(OH)2