the X chromosome
Chromosomes contain DNA, which is the molecule that carries genetic information. Through experiments such as those done by Gregor Mendel and the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick, it has been shown that variations in chromosomes lead to variations in inherited traits. This confirms that chromosomes indeed carry genetic information.
Hemophilia is broken into three subcategories; Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B, and Hemophilia C. These subcategories designate a person as having a deficiency of one of three specific clotting proteins. Hemophilia A is the deficiency of the protein called Clotting Factor VIII. Hemophilia B is the deficiency of Clotting Factor IX. Hemophilia C is the deficiency of Clotting Factor XI. "Royal" hemophilia is simply a reference to Hemophilia B and is therefore a result of a deficiency in the Clotting Factor IX protein. It is sometimes called the royal disease because it has been known to have been passed through some royal families throughout history.
Yes females can have hemophilia. Although very rare it has been recorded. A female can get hemophilia if her mother is a carrier and her father has it. Like I said, It doesn't happen often but is possible.
Hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome. If hemophilia is inherited by a son (1/3 of the cases are spontaneous mutations and not inherited) the gene was passed to him from the mother. If hemophilia is inherited by a daughter the gene could have come from either the mother, father or even both. (if from the father, he himself would have been a hemophiliac) A male only has one X chromosome so if the one he has has the gene for hemophilia he is a hemophiliac. The trait is considered recessive however incomplete dominance is know to occur frequently leading to the trait to at least partially be shown in females with a mutation on only one of their X chromosomes. When this occurs, women can demonstrate the symptoms and have low clotting factor levels similar to their male counterparts. A female with the genes for hemophilia on both X chromosomes will undoubtably have hemophilia as well.
It is incorrect to blame the queen for only producing daughters, as the sex of the offspring is determined by the father's sperm. In humans, males carry both X and Y chromosomes, while females carry two X chromosomes. Therefore, it is the father's contribution (specifically the Y chromosome) that determines the sex of the child. The queen's genetics do not control the sex of the offspring.
Normally a woman is only a carrier of hemophilia, but if her mother is a carrier and her father has hemophilia the female does have a chance to get it. It is very rare for this to happen but It has been recorded.
Chromosomes usually occur in pairs in body cells. One chromosome in the pair comes from one parent and the other chromosome comes from the other parent. The two chromosomes are the same size and shape and carry the same genes in the same positions. They are called homologous chromosomes. When cells divide the chromosomes first have to copy themselves (ie replicate). Each homologous chromosome makes a replica of itself, and the original and replica are attached to each other at a region called the centromere.
The history of hemophilia has been impacted by the practice of royal family inbreeding because the genetic disorder is more likely to be passed down when closely related individuals have children. Inbreeding among royal families increased the chances of hemophilia being inherited, leading to its prevalence in certain royal bloodlines.
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that has been present throughout history. However, it gained more recognition and understanding in the 19th century when it was first systematically described and studied by physicians. The ability to diagnose and manage hemophilia has improved over time with advances in medical knowledge and treatment options.
The simple answer is - you can't ! Hemophilia is a genetic medical condition - not a communicable disease. A person is born with the disease. You can't 'catch' it from being in contact with someone - nor is it spread by the person touching surfaces etc. It is treatable - but incurable. A person with Hemophilia has it all their life.
She has 1/2 chance. We can figure out exactly what her parents' genotypes were. Her brother has a Hemophilia allele that he got from his mom. So their mom has at least 1 Hemophilia allele. If she had 2 then she would have Hemophilia. The father cannot have a Hemophilia allele because it would have been expressed. So her chances are 1/2 because her mother has 1 Hemophiliac and 1 normal allele.
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