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The Bureaucracy

During the Han Dynasty, the Chinese government adopted Confucianism as the official ideology (as opposed to the competing ideology of Taoism). Confucius believed that rule should be by a class of "scholars" who were able to pass an exam, which would be open to everybody.

It may have sounded good in theory, but in practice, the rich were able to basically cheat their way through the exam (which was extremely difficult), while the poor had a harder time passing it.

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