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Name resulution can be provided statically with /etc/hosts which usually contains IP addresses along with corresponding domain names, like:

127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain

127.0.0.2 test.localhost

or dynamically, by performing requests to name servers specified in /etc/resolv.conf .

Authentication data for local users is held within several files: /etc/group which contains list of existing groups and memberships, /etc/passwd which contains list of existing users and their attributes like home directory and, if the system has been configured to utilize shadow passwords, /etc/shadow which contains encrypted passwords along with additional account attributes like expiration time.

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