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Galileo's Concept of the Solar System: The Earth and planets not only spin on their axes; they also revolve about the sun in circular orbits.

Galileo confirmed and advanced Copernicus' sun-centered system by observing the skies through his refracting telescope (which he constructed in 1609). When Galileo published his masterpiece, Dialogue Concerning the two Chief World Systems, in which he defended and extended the Copernican system, and his theories were thought to contravene the teachings of the Catholic Church. He was tried for heresy by the Inquisition in 1633 and forced to renounce his theories. He was so convinced that it was the Earth that moves that the moment he was released from recanting his theories, Galileo stamped his foot and muttered "E pur si mouve" ("And yet it moves"). He was punished to confinement to his house for the last years of his life.

After Galileo's death, scientific thought gradually veered around to the sun-centered solar system. In 1992, after more than three and a half centuries, the Vatican officially reversed the verdict of Galileo's trial. ; )

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Q: What contributions were made by Galileo to scientific reasoning?
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