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Dopamine acts in the pineal gland, which is central to dictating the "circadian rhythm" in humans (the series of biological processes that enables brain activity to adapt to the time of the day). The pineal gland translates the light signals received by the retina through the synthesis of the hormone melatonin, which is produced and released at night and which helps to regulate the body's metabolic activity during sleep.

Another hormone, norepinephrine, is involved in regulating this synthesis and release of melatonin in the pineal gland. It was long believed that these norepinephrine receptors all acted independently of other proteins, but in the new study, researchers have discovered that this is not the case. In fact, the receptors collaborate with other dopamine receptors forming 'heteromers'.

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