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Plants have physical defenses such as thorns and trichomes, chemical defenses like toxins and repellents, and also inducible defenses that are activated in response to herbivore attack.
Your dumb
For one, not too many people know that caffeine, which is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, mate, etc. is a natural insectiside the plants produce. Insects become paralized when they consume the caffeine which is in those plants.
Two direct defenses of plants against predators include thorns and chemical deterrents. Thorns or spines physically deter herbivores from feeding on the plant, while chemical defenses, such as alkaloids or tannins, can be toxic or unpalatable, making the plant less appealing to predators. These adaptations help enhance the plant's survival and reproductive success in the face of herbivory.
Cacti have their spines that keep animals from resting and eating their fruit
Some herbivores have evolved ways to hijack plant defenses to their own benefit, by sequestering these chemicals and using them to protect themselves from predators. Plant defenses against herbivores are generally not complete so plants also tend to evolve some tolerance to herbivory.
Plants have a variety of defenses. Some possess thorns, chemicals (poison ivy), foul taste, some plants may respond to touch a process called thigmonastic movements (accomplished by a change in tugor pressure), some plants have Batesian mimicry where certain parts mimic other animals (commonly insects); coevolution is also quite common in plants, providing food or shelter for one species why they defend the plant from other animals
Weed and wild plants often possess natural defenses that make them less appealing or accessible to insects and pests. These defenses can include tough leaves, toxic compounds, or strong scents that deter herbivores. Additionally, many wild plants have evolved alongside pests, developing resilience through natural selection. This co-evolution allows them to thrive in diverse environments where cultivated plants may struggle.
Examples of natural defenses in living organisms include the immune system, physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, detoxifying enzymes in the liver, and the ability to generate heat or fevers to fight off infections. In plants, natural defenses can include thorns, toxins, and chemicals that repel pests or pathogens.
Sap containing Urushiol, which causes itching and a rash. example poison ivy and plants producing either cardiac or steroidal glycosides. example foxglove
Invasive species are plants and animals that have migrated or be placed in places were they are not native. This is very harmful to the native flora and fauna who have no natural defenses against the invaders.
Margee Gould has written: 'Prickly plants' -- subject(s): Plant defenses, Prickles, Juvenile literature 'Giant plants' -- subject(s): Plant size, Juvenile literature, Trees 'Poisonous plants' -- subject(s): Poisonous plants, Juvenile literature