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This is the description of the "New Moon".
No. This description does not quite work becomes the moon is not a planet; it is a moon.
The gravitational pull on the "moon" is one-sixth that of Earth's. It takes about 28 days for the Moon to complete one orbit around Earth.
No. That's the description of a solar eclipse. A lunar one occurs when the Earth's shadow falls on the moon.
moonlight is the sun's light reflecting off the moon and beaming toward earth.
The moon is to the earth, as the earth is to the sun.
Many planets have only one moon. For example, Earth only has one moon. There are likely to be billions of planets in our universe with just one moon. As you can imagine, the list of these would take a long time to write out. We will only have discovered a small amount of actual planets that fit this description though.
Both Venus and Mercury fit this description. Mercury is the smaller of the two.
A full moon is the lunar phase when the moon appears as a complete circle when viewed from Earth. It occurs when the moon is directly opposite the sun, with the Earth in between them. This phase is known for its bright illumination of the night sky.
The Moon's diameter is 3,474 km, a little more than a quarter of that of the Earth. Thus, the Moon's surface area is less than a tenth that of the Earth (about a quarter the Earth's land area, approximately as large as Russia, Canada, and the United States combined), and its volume is about 2 percent that of Earth. The pull of gravity at its surface is about 17 percent of that at the Earth's surface.
Earth, by far.
The moon orbits Earth.