Municipal water supplies, sewers, and garbage collection
An emphasis on wealthIncreasing readership of newspapers.
a lack of scientific method and experimentation
A favorite target of Christian missionaries in the late nineteenth century was Africa, particularly countries in West Africa due to the perceived lack of Christian presence and the opportunity for expansion of their faith. Missionaries sought to convert the indigenous populations to Christianity and establish churches and schools in these regions.
In crowded and unsanitary conditions in tenement buildings, often facing overcrowding, poor sanitation, and lack of access to clean water and healthcare. Many poor families struggled to make ends meet and lived in poverty due to low wages and limited job opportunities.
The main reason for the surge in Irish immigration to the U.S. in the mid-nineteenth century was the Great Famine in Ireland, which led to widespread poverty, famine, and lack of opportunities. Many Irish immigrants sought better economic prospects and a chance for a new life in America.
The Japanese expansion policy was motivated by a lack of natural resources.
During the nineteenth century, American audiences primarily favored European classical music, considering it more sophisticated and prestigious. American composers faced challenges gaining recognition and support for their work. Additionally, there was a lack of infrastructure and institutions to promote and perform concert music by American composers.
In the nineteenth century, serfdom was a prominent human rights issue in Russia. Serfs were essentially enslaved to landowners, leading to exploitation, lack of freedom, and harsh living conditions. The push to abolish serfdom ultimately played a significant role in shaping the social and political landscape of Russia during that time.
During the mid-nineteenth century, Darwin's theory of evolution lacked understanding of the mechanisms of heredity, specifically the role of genetics and how traits are passed on from one generation to the next. Additionally, the concept of mutations as a source of genetic variation was unknown at that time. Furthermore, the scarcity of fossil evidence and the lack of understanding of Earth's geological history hindered Darwin's ability to provide a comprehensive timeline of evolutionary changes.
In the nineteenth century, tension between labor and management was fueled by poor working conditions, long hours, low wages, and lack of workers' rights. This tension often led to strikes, protests, and violent clashes as workers sought better treatment and fair representation. The rise of industrialization and the formation of labor unions played a significant role in shaping these dynamics.
The "Great American Desert." This term was used to describe the region due to its perceived lack of water sources and vegetation, even though it was home to diverse Indigenous cultures and an abundance of grasslands.
The disposal of human waste, (sewerage) a lack of sanitary water supply, the disposal of garbage and drainage.