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The arable land was divided by sea, rivers and mountains. Each patch of arable land supported farming communities, which built defensive fortresses whih in time grew into cities. This brought about the independent city-state.

The early cities became over-populated, and sent out their surplus populations to seize land and establish their own cities. This resulted in about 2,000 city-states around the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

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Annabell Hickle

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