Fire needs three things to burn: fuel, oxygen, and heat. Take away one or more of those three things in sufficient quantities, and the fire can no longer burn.
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A dry chemical fire extinguisher sprays a noncombustible, air resistant layer of foam designed to cover the fire's fuel source. When the fuel source (wood, oil, cloth, etc.) is completely and properly smothered, the expelled dry chemical foam isolates the fuel from the surrounding air, and thereby starves the fire of the oxygen it needs to burn.
Dry chemical extinguishers smother the fire.
Put out the fire by blocking oxygen from the fire.
As Michelle said, they smother the fire. Some dry chemical extinguishers form a sticky coating that blocks oxygen from the fire. Other dry chemicals give off CO2 that blankets the fire.
Smother the fire
It suffoctaes the fire by depriving the fire of air which it needs to burn.
Multi-purpose fire extinguishers, like ABC, are typically dry chemical.
D and K fire
They form a barrier on the surface of the burning substance - which melts to form an airtight layer - starving the fire of oxygen. Smother the fire
Some fire extinguishers use dry chemicals and some use a foam to extinguish flames. Some fire extinguishers actually still use water, but they're only for use on smaller fires. Others use a dry chemical, mostly sodium bicarbonate, or Carbon Dioxide.
There are six classes of fires to define the type of fire, and most importantly, the type of fire extinguisher to use to put out the fire. Here are the fire classes and the types of extinguishers you should use: Class A - Solids (wood, paper, plastic) require water, foam, dry powder, and wet chemical extinguishers. Class B - Flammable liquids (fuel, oil, paraffin) require foam, dry powder, and CO2 gas extinguishers. Class C - Flammable gasses (propane, methane, butane) require dry powder extinguishers. Class D - Burning metals (aluminum, magnesium, titanium) require dry powder (M28/L2) extinguishers. Class E - Electrical items require dry powder or CO2 gas extinguishers. Class F - Cooking oils and fats require wet chemical extinguishers.
FIRE extinguishers are used to put out fire.
It is best to have at least two fire extinguishers for your house. A dry chemical fire extinguisher would be good and it can be purchased on eBay.
Class B fire extinguishers are used to flammable fires (such as those caused by gasoline and varnish). They come in several types, such as carbon dioxide (works by displacing the oxygen in the room) or dry chemical extinguishers.
The white stuff in fire extinguishers is typically a chemical called dry chemical powder or monoammonium phosphate. This powder is a fire suppression agent that is effective for extinguishing different types of fires, such as those involving flammable liquids, gases, and electrical equipment. When released, the powder smothers the fire and helps to cool the fuel, preventing it from reigniting.
aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), if you have one, although CO2 or dry-chemical fire extinguishers are also rated for combustible liquids, such as diesel.
A cold smoke. A really cold chemical.