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What does Barbara Tuchman say about some of the apparently contradictory facts she encounters about the Middle Ages?
Wiki User
∙ 13y ago
she says that there will be always be cross-currents. everything has more than 1 opinion
Wiki User
∙ 13y ago
Barbara Tuchman acknowledges the difficulty in interpreting the contradictory facts about the Middle Ages. She recognizes that historical evidence is often fragmented or biased, making it challenging to form a clear understanding of the era. Tuchman urges historians to consider the complex context and multiple perspectives in order to navigate these contradictions and uncover a more nuanced truth.
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Barbara tuchman's 'This is the end of the world' summary?
jhgyhi
What major event happened in England?
Before England was unified we were invaded and conquered several times, including the Roman Conquest (AD 43) then Anglo-Saxon and then the Norman Conquest (1066). England didn't really become a country until 927, through King Athelstan. In 1016 we were conquered by the Danes, but became a unified country again in 1042 under Edward the Confessor. Christianity came to England in the late 6th century. The 16th century saw the reformation, with the Catholic Church being abolished. In that century there was a civil war between the Parliamentarians (who supported government) and the Royalists (who supported the monarchy). This led to the execution of the King. In the 18th century England, Scotland joined Wales and Ireland joined together to make up the United Kingdom. We conquered many countries and created a vast Commonwealth. Moving things forward somewhat, we helped abolish slavery in 1807. We fought and won two world wars. As the men were fighting, women first started to join the work force. We lost a lot of money in both wars, and this was a major factor in our losing most of the Commonwealth countries. In 1948 we created the National Health Service, which meant free health care for all. The 1950s saw an increase in immigration. There was the Gold Rush from the West Indies. In the 1960s things changed quite dramatically in some parts of England. With pop music, and birth control pills etc, things got a lot more liberal, mainly in cities. In the 1970s Idi Amin expelled Asians from Uganda. Most of them were in Uganda due to it previously being under British rule. The British wanted workers and soldiers who could handled the heat, so we encouraged Indians to move. Therefore, when they were expelled, we accepted many into Britain. In the 1980s we had a recession. A lot of people lost their jobs. Our Prime Minister Mrs Thatcher created a big divide between the middle class and the working class. We went to fight in Iraq. We fought in Bosnia. In 1993 we signed the Maastrict Treaty, and the European Union came into effect. This led to free movement across Europe, and as more countries in Eastern Europe join up, the more immigration we will see. We were bombed by the IRA for a bit, but finally sorted out a peace deal with Ireland. We've gone to fight in Iraq again (and Afganistan).
Significant events happened during pre-spanish period?
Centuries6th centuryYearDateEvent573The Visigothic Kingdom extended across Spain. 7th century{{Visigothic Kingdom persecuted jews 8th centuryYearDateEvent711The Moors invaded Spain, displacing the Visigoths, and established Al-Andalus. 9th centuryistian kingdoms emerged in northern Spain. Aragon, Castile and Navarre. The kingdoms of Aragon and Castile gradually expanded south. (They were greatly helped by disunity among the Muslims). 11th centuryYearDateEvent1094The Castilian knight El Cid conquered Valencia from the Moors. 12th centuryYearDateEvent1159The Kingdom of Portugal was established. 13th centuryYearDateEvent1228Moorish influence was reduced to the Kingdom of Granada. 14th centuryEurope in 1300 was well on the way to rapid expansion. It was rapidly increasing in intellectual and mathematical sophistication. Technically, thanks to water power and the mechanical discoveries that flowed from it, Europe was in the midst of what many historians call the Medieval Industrial Revolution. One reason there seems to be such a break between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance was that there was in fact a break. The 14th Century was a time of turmoil, diminished expectations, loss of confidence in institutions, and feelings of helplessness at forces beyond human control. Historian Barbara Tuchman entitled her book on this period A Distant Mirror because many of our modern problems had counterparts in the 14th Century. Even the extinction of the human race, something we ponder in discussing nuclear war, was faced by medieval Europeans, in fact, far more directly than we ever have. 15th centuryYearDateEvent146919 OctoberIsabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon were married, laying the foundation for the unification of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon into Spain.147410 DecemberThe reign of Isabella began.1475War of the Castilian Succession: The war began.1478The Spanish Inquisition was founded.1479War of the Castilian Succession: The war ended.20 JanuaryThe reign of Ferdinand began.4 SeptemberBy the Treaty of Alcáçovas, Portugal recognized Spanish control of the Canary Islands.1492Christopher Columbus first explored the New World.Reconquista: The Reconquista ended.Jews were expelled from Spain by the Alhambra Decree.1493Spanish colonization of the AmericasSpanish colonization of the Americas began.1494The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed.1499Italian War of 1499-1504: Ferdinand allied with the French King Louis XII of France. 16th centuryYearDateEvent1504Isabella died.1516Ferdinand died.Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, became King of Castile and Aragon.155425 JulyEnglish Queen Mary I of England married Spanish Prince Philip.1556Charles abdicated in favor of Philip, who became King Philip II of Spain.1557Battle of St. Quentin (1557): Spain won the battle.1561Philip moved his court to Madrid.1568Dutch Revolt: A revolt began against Habsburg control of the Netherlands.1571Battle of Lepanto (1571): The Holy League was victorious.1578Dutch Revolt: The revolt ended.1580The Iberian Union of the crowns of Aragon, Castile and Portugal was established..1585Anglo-Spanish War (1585): The war began.15888 AugustThe Spanish Armada was defeated in the English Channel.1598Philip III of Spain was crowned. 17th centuryYearDateEvent1604Anglo-Spanish War (1585): The war ended.1605The Treaty of London (1604) was signed.no1609The Twelve Years' Truce was signed.The Moriscos were expelled.1618Thirty Years' War: The war began.1621Philip IV of Spain was crowned.1640Portuguese Restoration War: The war began.The Iberian Union was dissolved.1648The Treaty of Westphalia was signed.1659The Peace of the Pyrenees was signed.1665Philip IV died.1668The Treaty of Lisbon was signed.1675Charles II of Spain was crowned.1700Charles died. 18th centuryYearDateEvent1701War of the Spanish Succession: The war began.1761Seven Years' War: Spain declared war on Great Britain.1778American Revolutionary War: Spain supported the United States.1789Spain opened the slave trade to Havana. 19th centuryYearDateEvent1806British invasions of the Río de la Plata: The invasions began.1807British invasions of the Río de la Plata: The invasions ended.1808Peninsular War: The war began.2 MayDos de Mayo Uprising: An uprising took place in Madrid against the French occupation of the city.1809Bolivian Independence War: The war began.1811Venezuelan War of Independence: The war began.1812The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was issued.1814Peninsular War: The war ended.1815Spanish reconquest of New Granada: The reconquest began.1816Spanish reconquest of New Granada: The reconquest ended.1820Trienio Liberal: The period began.1823Trienio Liberal: The period ended.1824Bolivian Independence War: The war ended.1833First Carlist War: The war began.1839First Carlist War: The war ended.1846Second Carlist War: The war began.1849Second Carlist War: The war ended.1864Chincha Islands War: The war began.1866Chincha Islands War: The war ended.1868Ten Years' War: A war with Cuba began.1872Third Carlist War: The war began.1873The First Spanish Republic was established.1874Spain under the Restoration: The period began.The First Spanish Republic was disestablished.1876Third Carlist War: The war ended.1878Ten Years' War: The war ended.189825 AprilSpanish-American War: The war began.12 AugustSpanish-American War: The war ended. 20th centuryYearDateEvent1914World War I: The war began. Spain remained neutral.1918World War I: The war ended.1920Rif War (1920): The war began.1926Rif War (1920): The war ended.1931The Second Spanish Republic was established.Spain under the Restoration: The period ended.1936Spanish Civil War (to 1939)1937Spanish Civil War, 1937: The war took place.26 AprilBombing of Guernica: The bombing took place.1938Spanish Civil War, 1938-1939: The war began.1939Spain under Franco: The period began.The Second Spanish Republic was disestablished.1945Spain under Franco: The period ended.1957Ifni War: The war began.1958Ifni War: The war ended.1959Spanish miracle: A period of economic growth began.1973Spanish miracle: The period ended.1975History of Spain (1975-present): The period began.6 NovemberThe Green March forced Spain to hand over its last remaining colonial possession, Spanish Sahara, to Morocco.19 NovemberFrancisco Franco died; the monarchy was restored to Juan Carlos I of Spain.1976Spanish transition to democracy: The transition began.1978The Spanish Constitution of 1978 was issued.1981Spanish society after the democratic transition: A democratic society waas established.23 February23-F: An attempted coup took place.1986Spain joined the European Union.19921992 Summer Olympics: The Summer Olympics were held in Barcelona.1998Judge Baltasar Garzón issued an international arrest warrant for former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. 21st centuryYearDateEvent20021 JanuarySpain adopted the Euro.200411 March2004 Madrid train bombings: Madrid train bombings killed one hundred and ninety-one and injured over two thousand. Prime Minister José María Aznar blamed theBasque terrorists ETA.14 MarchAznar's People's Party lost an election after the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero promised to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq.20062006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing: A bombing by ETA ended an active ceasefire and peace negotiations.2008Moroccan national Jamal Zougam was found guilty of the 2004 train bombings in Madrid.Garzón was charged with criminal conduct in three cases, causing an international scandal and protests.Spain won the Euro Cup Final, establishing the team as an international soccer power house.2010Spain won the FIFA World Cup.Garzón was granted leave to work as a consultant to the International Criminal Court at The Hague.
How is the Franco Prussian war connected to World War I?
Primarily, the connection is through the loss by France of the Alsace-Lorraine region of northeastern France to the Germans, and the consolidation by Otto von Bismarck, "Iron Chancellor" of Prussia, of all the various smaller German states surrounding Prussia into what became the powerful nation of Germany of World Wars 1 and 2.The French and the Germans and the Spanish and the Dutch and practically everybody else in Europe had been waging war for control of the strategically vital Alsace-Lorraine region for centuries. By 1870 the area was in French hands, during the reign of Napoleon III, a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon III had started out as president of the French Second Republic (1848-1852), but engineered a coup in 1851 which abolished the Second Republic and established Napoleon III as Emperor of the French in what is called the Second Empire (the First Empire had been his uncle's).In 1866, Prussia, under Bismarck as Chancellor and William I of the house of Hohenzollern as King of Prussia, fought and won a war with Austria that gave Prussia control over most of northern Germany. This was a massive expansion of Prussian power and influence and, from the French point of view, upset the balance of power in Europe. The French felt severely threatened by the abrupt emergence of Prussia as a major player in European power politics. There followed a period of intense political maneuvering and secret agreements, with the intent by Napoleon III of restoring the upset balance of power and (of course) French Honor. Bismarck, on the other hand, was intent upon further consolidating Prussian power (and Prussian Honor) by bringing the South German states into the Prussian sphere and creating a Prussian [German] Empire, with William I (Hohenzollern) as its first emperor. This ultimately put France and Prussia on a collision course.By the spring of 1870, there had been enough relatively minor crises to bring both sides, Prussia and France, to the point where Napoleon and Bismarck were both actively seeking a war to settle this "balance of power" and "national honor" thing. As is usual in such cases, both sides believed they could easily win a small, glorious war, since most European wars had tended to be small and glorious unless you happened to be one of the poor pawns on the battlefields, in which case, for you personally, it was bloody, dirty and, for the most part, stupid, but you went anyway, for The Honor of France [Prussia]. Notice especially what a major part National Honor plays into all this. It was no joke. People took it all very seriously.The spark that set off this particular powder keg occurred in Spain. Up until 1868 Isabella, a relative of the Bourbons, the former monarchs of France until the French Revolution of 1789, was the queen on the Spanish throne. She was very unpopular in Spain as she cared little for the people of Spain and spent most of her time intriguing, but the French liked her because she was French by blood. In 1868 there was a military coup that overthrew her and sent her into exile in France, after which there were a couple of years of relative anarchy in Spain. This had, of course, a destabilizing influence on the rest of Europe. Finally it was decided that Spain should have a monarch again (anybody but Isabella) and all the Crowned Heads of Europe began casting about for candidates, not unlike a presidential race in America only with princes. The French wanted somebody French. The Prussians wanted somebody Prussian, which would be offensive to the French because it would put Prussian Kings on both their eastern and western borders, which the French would perceive as an unacceptable threat to peace.As the battle raged over who would be the next King of Spain, Bismarck was back stairs intriguing to get a Hohenzollern onto that throne. His candidate was a relatively minor prince, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. The French discovered Bismarck trying to sneak Leopold in by the rear entrance, and they erupted in towering fury since having Hohenzollerns on both sides of them would be simply inadmissible. To make matters worse, Leopold was a Catholic. The French raised so much Cain that Leopold's father personally renounced the candidacy on Leopold's behalf (Leopold was ignorant of the whole brouhaha, since he was off hunting someplace in the Alps).One would think that that would have been the end of it, but the French wanted more; now they wanted to humiliate the Prussians. Napoleon III demanded that William I of Prussia personally apologize to the French for having tried to sneak a Hohenzollern into Spain behind their backs. William I was perfectly willing to renounce the candidacy of Leopold, but an apology was out of the question. The King of Prussia did not apologize to anybody. Bismarck, intriguing as always, altered the language of the dispatch that relayed what William had said to the French ambassador in such a way as to make it sound more heated than it was, thus insulting the French. Now the French had insulted the Prussians, and the Prussians had insulted the French. This was like two countries slapping each other across the face. What more was there to be said? National Honor was at stake! It had to be War!At this time the French Army had a reputation as being the best in the world. Napoleon III declared war, mobilized the supposedly invincible French Army and tried to invade Prussia along the eastern French border, but the Prussians, who had been secretly planning for this scrap for a long time, beat the French to the punch and invaded France along a broad front. Bismarck had been intriguing for years with the south Germans and, to the vast surprise of the French, the south Germans came into the war on the Prussian side, all of them mobilizing much more quickly than French planners had expected. The upshot was that the Prussians invested the French Army at Metz, in the Lorraine region, bottling it up and besieging it in the famed Vauban fortresses. The Prussians couldn't actually capture this French Army, but neither could the French Army come out and fight. Meanwhile, Napoleon III himself, who had for some inexplicable reason chosen to lead his army personally, tried to extricate himself from this shambles by leading a new French army to relieve Metz. He took them north in a wide flanking maneuver and got this Army caught in a Prussian pincers movement at Sedan in northeastern France, where he and his entire army were forced to surrender to the Prussians. While Napoleon was a prisoner of the Prussians, the French liberals held a revolution and deposed him, declaring the Third Republic. But the new Republic, once again citing National Honor, chose to continue the war, so the aggressive Prussians surrounded and besieged Paris itself.The French fought very hard, but on January 28, 1871, Paris surrendered and the "glorious little war" was over. Ten days earlier Bismarck had had William I of Hohenzollern crowned as Emperor of the brand-new German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the old French Royal Palace of Versailles (the location chosen was no accident). Prussia had now consolidated all the smaller German states into the Germany that fought two World Wars in the 20th Century. Germany had crushed and humiliated France, and Germany had seized a good deal of what had been French territory, including and especially the Alsace-Lorraine region, to become part of western Germany as a kind of buffer zone against another encroachment by the French.But the loss of the Alsace-Lorraine to Germany was a bitter, bitter pill for the French to swallow, and it started what became known as the revanchist (revenge) movement to get back the Alsace-Lorraine and, of course, the Honor of France which had been so debased at Metz and Sedan. For the next 43 years there was uneasy peace in Europe as each major power (not just Germany and France but also Austria and Russia and Turkey and on and on) furiously rearmed and entangled themselves in alliances, each power looking to "defend" itself against the other, until all of Europe was a powder keg by 1914, just waiting for a spark.The spark came on June 28, 1914: Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student, assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Austria demanded that Serbia punish the guilty parties, and when Serbia didn't act fast enough to satisfy the Austrians, Austria declared war on tiny Serbia. As usual, everybody expected a short war and a happy one, but by this time the tangle of alliances was immense. Basically Russia had to mobilize on behalf of Serbia, and Germany had to mobilize on behalf of Austria, which gave the French their long-awaited chance to regain the Alsace-Lorraine and the French National Honor lost in the Franco-Prussian debacle of 1870-71 by coming in on the side of Serbia, and the British had also to get in on the side of Serbia, and in the single month of August, 1914, the whole of Europe toppled down like dominos into what became the almighty tragedy of the First World War. And when it ended four long, bloody years later, the seeds were sown for World War, The Sequel, but that's another story.For further reading on this fascinating subject, may I recommend the following books:A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the origins of the Franco-Prussian War / by Wetzel, David. University of Wisconsin Press, c2001.The Franco-Prussian War; the German invasion of France, 1870-1871. by Howard, Michael Eliot, Macmillan,1961.The Guns of August. by Tuchman, Barbara W. Macmillan, 1962.The Provinces of Alsace & Lorraine were ceded to Germany as a result. France was devastated by the loss. Prussia had been humiliated by Napoleons invasion of 1806.
What is the birth name of Barbara Tuchman?
Barbara Tuchman's birth name is Wertheim, Barbara.
Was Barbara Tuchman related to Gary Tuchman?
No
When was Barbara W. Tuchman born?
Barbara W. Tuchman was born on January 30, 1912.
What is Barbara W. Tuchman's birthday?
Barbara W. Tuchman was born on January 30, 1912.
When did Barbara Tuchman die?
Barbara Tuchman died on February 6, 1989, in Greenwich, Connecticut, USA.
When was Barbara Tuchman born?
Barbara W. Tuchman died on February 6, 1989 at the age of 77.
How old was Barbara W. Tuchman at death?
Barbara W. Tuchman died on February 6, 1989 at the age of 77.
What was the cause of Barbara tuchman's death?
Barbara Tuchman died of complications of a stroke on February 6, 1989, at her home at Cos Cob, Connecticut.
How old is Barbara W. Tuchman?
Barbara W. Tuchman was born on January 30, 1912 and died on February 6, 1989. Barbara W. Tuchman would have been 77 years old at the time of death or 103 years old today.
What has the author Barbara Wertheim Tuchman written?
Barbara Wertheim Tuchman has written: 'The Zimmermann telegram' -- subject(s): World War, 1914-1918, Causes
Barbara tuchman's 'This is the end of the world' summary?
jhgyhi
How tall is Daniel Tuchman?
Daniel Tuchman is 5' 10".
