key distribution center(KDC)
Kerberos provides secret key authentication through a centralized authentication server known as the Key Distribution Center (KDC), which issues time-sensitive tickets to users and services. When a user wants to access a service, they first authenticate to the KDC, which then provides a Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) encrypted with the user's secret key. This TGT can be used to request service-specific tickets from the KDC, allowing secure communication without transmitting passwords over the network. By using symmetric key cryptography and time-limited tickets, Kerberos ensures both secure distribution of keys and protection against replay attacks.
Kerberos Version 5 is standard on all versions of Windows 2000 and ensures the highest level of security to network resources. The Kerberos protocol name is based on the three- headed dog figure from Greek mythology known as Kerberos. The three heads of Kerberos comprise the Key Distribution Center (KDC), the client user and the server with the desired service to access. The KDC is installed as part of the domain controller and performs two service functions: the Authentication Service (AS) and the Ticket-Granting Service (TGS). three exchanges are involved when the client initially accesses a server resource:AS ExchangeTGS ExchangeClient/Server (CS) Exchange
In Kerberos, reliability is primarily addressed through the use of timestamps and expiration times for tickets, which help prevent replay attacks and ensure that authentication is based on current, valid credentials. Additionally, Kerberos employs symmetric key cryptography to secure communication between clients and servers, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality. The protocol also includes mechanisms for ticket renewal and revocation, allowing users to maintain their authenticated sessions without compromising security. Overall, these features help ensure that only valid and timely authentication requests are accepted.
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The four requirements for Kerberos are: Clock Synchronization: All participating systems must have their clocks synchronized to prevent replay attacks. Secure Communication Channels: The network must be secure to prevent eavesdropping and tampering with messages. Authentication Server: A trusted authentication server is needed to verify users' identities and issue tickets. Mutual Authentication: Both the client and server must be able to verify each other's identities to establish a secure connection.
Here are the new changes that are made in version 5 * The key salt algorithm has been changed to use the entire principal name. * The network protocol has been completely redone and now uses ASN.1 encoding everywhere. * There is now support for forwardable, renewable, and postdatable tickets. * Kerberos tickets can now contain multiple IP addresses and addresses for different types of networking protocols. * A generic crypto interface module is now used, so other encryption algorithms beside DES can be used. * There is now support for replay caches, so authenticators are not vulnerable to replay. * There is support for transitive cross-realm authentication.
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Features added in the current version of Kerberos Version5 are designed to allow inter-network authentication (in Kerberos terminology, referred to as "cross-realm" authentication). Recent proposals have included using public-key cryptography for both initial authentication of clients (TGT) and for cross-realm authentication. Such changes will make it more feasible for Kerberos to scale to larger sets of networks, but the question is far from resolved.Version 5 added support for forwardable, renewable, and postdatable tickets. These accommodate long running processes and processes which need to run automatically in the future, in addition to allowing users to use their credentials on a machine other than the one they logged in on.Kerberos tickets can now contain multiple IP addresses and addresses for different types of networking protocols. This allows the use of multi-homed machinesReplay caches keep track of recently issued tickets and do not allow the same ticket to be used twice in a row. This cuts down on the ability of attackers to hijack cached tickets before they expire.There is now support for transitive cross-realm authentication which removes the requirement that each pair of realms that wish to allow authentication must share a secret. In large networks consisting of many realms, the number of secrets can become quite large and is not scalable. Instead, transitive cross-realm authentication allows a path between secret-sharing realms to be specified so that credentials from the desired realm can be earned by following this path
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