produce proteins by following coded instructions that came from the nucleus.
Proteins are made by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and can be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum for further processing and sorting. This attachment occurs when the ribosome translates a signal sequence on the protein that directs it to the endoplasmic reticulum for insertion.
Mutations can alter the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA, which may change the codons that are read by ribosomes during translation. This can lead to the incorporation of incorrect amino acids into the growing polypeptide chain, potentially resulting in a nonfunctional protein or one with altered properties. Additionally, mutations may introduce premature stop codons or affect regulatory elements, further disrupting protein synthesis and cellular function. Ultimately, these changes can have significant implications for the organism's phenotype and health.
Ribosomal RNA, rRNA, forms part of the ribosme. Transport RNA, tRNA, transports a specific amino acid to the ribosome. Messenger RNA, mRNA, carries the codon, message, from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
transcription